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BENCH MADE EASY. 



AN ABRIDGED 
THEORETICAL ^ PRACTICAL GRAMMAR 

OF 

THE FRENCH LANGUAGE 

ARRANGED ^S SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, 
FOR THE USE OF 

CHILDREN AND BEGINNERS. 

BY 

BERNARD ULLMANN. 



THEORETICAL PART, CONTAINING : 

l8t. The reading rules. 

2nd. A grammar of the French tongue. 

PRACTICAL PART, CONTAINING : 

1st. Numerous exercises on French spelling and head- 
ing. 

2nd. Exercises on the grammar, consisting of transla- 
tions from the English into French and from the 
French into English. 

3r(l. Twenty easy and familiRr dialogues on objects of 
every day life. 



NEW YORK : 
WILLIAM E. DEAN, 2 ANN STREET. i«iii 
1844. 



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li 



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FRENCH MADE EASY. 



I 



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AN ABRIDGED v 

N 
THEORETICAL & PRACTICAL GRAMMAR 

OF 

THE FRENCH LANGUAGE: 

ARRANGED ^N SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, 
FOR THE USE OF 

CHILDREN AND BEGINNERS. 

BY 

BERNARD ULLMANN. 



THEORETICAL PART, CONTAINING : 

1st. The reading rules. 

2nd. A grammar of the French tongue. 



Ist. Numerous exercises on French spelling and read- 
ing. 

2nd. Exercises on the grammar, consisting of transla- 
tions from the English into French and from the 
French into English. 

3rd. Twenty easy and familiar dialogues on objects of 
every day life. 



NEW YORK : 

WILLIAM E. DEAN, 2 ANN STREET. 

1844. 



Ji 



.Of 



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Entered 
According to the Act of Conj^s. in the year 1843. by 
BERNARD TJLLMANN, 
1„ .he ClerV. Office of the District Court for the Southern 

District of New York. 



V' 



PREFACE. 



Long prefaces are never read, and short ones 
are usually skipt over. This fate mine will in 
all probability share, and I should certainly not 
have written it, had I not thought it necessary to 
excuse myself, for adding a drop to the Ocean, 
by increasing the number of French grammars, 
already before the public. 

There are tvvo kinds of grammars ; namely : 
those written exclusively for the English student, 
and those originally written for French children, 
and afterwards adapted to the use of foreigners. 

Among the former Levizac's Grammar deserv- 
edly occupies the first place ; a better one could 
not be recommended to persons of riper years, 
and by his system I have been frequently guided 
in the composition of this little book. But Levi- 
zac's work is too voluminous for the use of chil- 
dren, by whom so many rules cannot possibly be 
committed to memory. Teachers are therefore 
obliged to leave out the less important rules, at 
the risk of rendering most of the exercises unin- 
telligible to the -pupil. 

Many attempts have been made to adapt origi- 
nal French Grammars to the use of the English 
student, as : Nodier's, Noel and Chapsal's, but 
they have all turned out complete failures, as 
they contain a great number of abstract rules, but 




PREFACE. 

do not explain the differences between the two 
languages. 

These are the reasons which have determined 
me to write the present work, the principal fea- 
tures of which are, that : 

1st, Tlie reading rules and grammar are ar- 
ranged in short questions and answers. 

2nd. The usual exercises are given in Eng- 
lish, to which are added examples in French, to 
be translated by the pupil. 

3rd. Each exercise has reference to but one 
rule, the attention of the pupil is therefore con- 
centrated on one object. 

4th. The dialogues are strictly familiar and 
easy, having reference principally to objects of 
every day life. 

Lastly. Nearly all the syllables in the reading 
exercises are marked with numbers, correspond- 
ing to the reading rules, so that the pupil may 
consult them in the absence of the teacher. 

1 will oidy add in conclusion, that my study 
throughout has been to render the acquirement of 
the French language as easy as possible to the 
pupil, and it now rests with the public to deter- 
mine, how far I have succeeded in my under- 
taking. 

ULLMANN. 

New York, December, 1843. 



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THEORETICAL PART. 



OF READING RULES. 



GENERAL RULES. 

Remark to the Teacher. — Practice without theory is 
as one-sided as theory without practice ; it is therefore 
quite wrong to believe in the pcssibiliiy of acquiring a 
knowledge of reading through mere practice. Any sci- 
ence, which can be condensed into rules, should be stud- 
ied by committing those rules to memory, and in this 
respect the French language has a great advantage over 
the English, as nearly all its sounds can be classified, 
there being but very few exceptions. 

The teacher cannot be too particular in directing the 
attention of the pupil to the different nature of long and 
short vowels. I have adopted in the reading exercises, 
the signs usually employed in Prosody : 

— for long vowels, 

^-^ for short vowels. 



INTRODUCTION. 

OF CONSONANTS. 

1. How many letters are there in the French language 1 

Twenty-four. 

2. How are the letters divided 1 

Into consonants, vowels, and diphthongs. 

3. Are the letters the same in French as in English ? 

The letters are the same, but the pronunciation 
is different. 

4. What consonants arepronounced alike both in French 

and English 1 
f, 1, m, n, s. 

5. What consonants are pronounced differently ? 

b, c, d,g, h, j, p, q, r, t, v, x, 2. 

1* 



6 OF VOWELS. 

6. Pronounce them in French. 

bay, ssay, day, jay, ash, jea, pe, kih (deep), err, 
tay, vay, ix, zed- 

7. Do the letters k and w exist in French 7 

No, the letter k is expressed by means of qu, but 
the sound of w cannot be given at all. 

or VOWELS. 

8. How many vowels are there in French 1 

Six, a, e, i, o, u, y. They are pronounced very 
differently from the English vowels. 

9. How do you pronounce the French a "i 

Like ah, as in the English word mamma, 
ami, ahme ; grand, grahn. 

10. How do you pronounce the French e 1 

Like the English a in man. 

IL How many e's are there in French 1 

Two, e (e with an accent) and e without an accent. 

12. What difference is there between e and e 1 

e with an accent is long and is pronounced like a 
in fare. 

e without the accent is short and is pronounced 
like e in pen. 

gre, gray ; ete, atay. 

donner, donnay; belle, bell. 

13. What do you call e without an accent at the end of 
a word 1 

e mute. It is never pronounced, except in mo- 
nosyllables, 
comme, comra ; dame, dahmm. 
de, da ; me, ma, 

14. How do you pronounce the French i*? 

Like the English i in stiff. 

griffe, griff; biere, be-are. 

15. How do you pronounce the French o *? 

Like the English o in block, 
col, coll ; fol, foil. 

16. How do you pronounce the French u*? 

This sound does not exist at all in English, 
jus, yeah (deep, through the nose). 



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OF DIPHTHONGS, 



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Remark to the Teacher. — It is impossible to give a cor- 
rect idea of this sound by means ol rules, it can only be 
acquired by practising it frequenily with the pupil. 

I have found my pupils acquire this most difficult 
sound very easily, by telling them to pronounce e and 
at the same time to push their lips forward. 

17. How do you pronounce the French y (e grec) 1 
y (e grec) is pronounced like the French i. 
pays, pa-e. 

18- Pronounce the whole French alphabet. 



a 
b 


ah 
bay 


or 

g 


yay 

ahsh 


n 




enn 
o 


t 
u 


tay 

eah (deep) 


c 
d 


ssay 
day 


i 
J 


e 

jea 


P 

q 


^l 


V 
X 


vay 
ix 


e 
f 


ay 

eff 


1 
m 


ell 
emra 


r 

s 


err 

ess 


y 

z 


e grec 
zed 



Remark to the Teacher. — The teacher should practice 
with the pupil the whole French alphabet, very slowly 
and distinctly, at least ten times in every lesson. 



OF DIPHTHONGS. 

19. What is a diphthong ? 

Two vowels joined in one syllable form a diph- 
thong. 

20. Is there any difference between the pronunciation of 
diphthongs and vowels 1 

Yes, diphthongs are much longer than vowels. 

21. How do you pronounce the French aif 

Like the English ai in fair, 
mais, may ; raison, ray-zone. 

22. How do you pronounce the French au and eau % 

Like o in bone, 
saut, soh : beau, boh. 

23. How do you pronounce the French ei % 

Like a in lane. 

reine, rain ; peine, pain, 

24. How do you pronounce euand oeul 

Like a, long and deep. 
leur, lare (through the nose and deep). 



8 - SPECIAL READING RULES. 

Remark to the Teacher. — This sound likewise cannot 
be given in English, but the pupil will easily acquire it 
by pronouncing the English a and at the same time 
pushing the lips forward. 

25. How do you pronounce the French ie at the end of 

a word 7 

Like the English e in be. 
pie, pe ; mie, me. 

26. How do you pronounce ie in the middle of a word % 

Both vowels are pronounced separately and retain 
their original sounds- 

rien, re-an ; bien, be-an- 

27. How do you pronounce the French oi ? 

Like o-ah. 
roi, ro-ah ; voix, vo-ah. 

28. How do you pronounce the French ou ^ 

Like ou in the English word you. 
vous, vuh ; lourd, luhr. 

See reading exercises of the first degree. 



SPECIAL READING RULES. 

29- How do you pronounce consonants when they are 
connected with vowels] 

The consonants are pronounced as in English, 
but the vowels retain their French sounds. 

30. How do you pronounce ay*? 
Like a-e, or the English ay, 
pays, pa-e ; payer, pa-ya. 

3L How do you pronounce chl 
Like sh in English. 
cher, share ; chose, shoze. 

33. How do you pronounce gi '? 

The g in gi is pronounced soft, 
gilet, syea-lay. 

33. How do you pronounce gue and gui 1 
Like ga and gi in game and gift 
guet, gay; guide, gede. 



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SPECIAL READING RULES. 9 

34. How do you pronounce gn in one syllable % 

Like the ni in onion, 
rognon, ronion. 

35. Do you pronounce the letter h in French? 

The h is generally silent, but there are a great 
many words where it is aspirated. The words, 
where the h is aspirated, are generally marked with 
an asterisk in the French dictionaries. 

homme, omra ; hache, hahsh. 

36. How do you pronounce ill 1 

Like the ill in the English word million, 
billet, bil-lyay. 

37. How do you pronounce am and an 1 

Like ahm and ahn. 
dame, dahm ; dans, dahn. 

38. How do you pronounce em and en in one syllable 1 

Abo like ahm and ahn, 

femme, fahm ; rempart, rahmpahr. 
entrer, ahntray. 

39. What is the difference between am, an, and em, enl 

em and en are pronounced through the nose, and 
am, an, not. 

40. How do you pronounce im and in in one syllable 1 

Like the English em and en, but a little through 
the nose. 

impoli, ame-po-le ; lin, lane. 

Remark to the Teacher. — The numerous exceptions to 
the three preceding rules cannot possibly be specified, 
they must therefore be learned by practice. 

4L How do you pronounce un at the end of a word 7 

Nearly like the English an but deeper and through 
the nose, 
commun, com-mane (deep). 

42, How do you pronounce qua, que, qui, quol 

Like kah, kay, ke, ko. 

qualite, kah-le-tay ; querelle, ka-rell ; 

quoi, ko-ah. qui, ke. 

43. How do you pronounce r in French 1 

Much stronger than in English, almost like rr, 
ver, verr ; berger, berr-yay. 



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10 OF LETTERS AT THE END OF WORDS. 

44. How do you pronounce s at the beginning of a word? 

Very sharp, like s.s. 
savant, ssah-vahn. 

45. How do you pronounce s in the middle of a word 1 

Very soft, like z. 
verser, verr-zay. 

46. How do you pronounce sui. 

Like swe. 
suivant, swe-vahn. 

OF LETTERS AT THE END OF WORDS. 

47. Are vowels pronounced at the end of words 1 

Yes, e mute excepted, 
poli, poh-le; re9U, ra-ssih (deep). 

48. What consonants are pronounced at the end of a 
word 1 

c, f, 1, n, r, are pronounced at the end of a word, 
grec, grak; bref, braf; non, non; fiel, fe-el; 

cher, share. 

49. Is r always pronounced at the end of a word '? 

No, it is not pronounced when it is preceded by e. 
donner, donnay ; berger, berr-yay. 

50. What consonants are silent at the end of a word 1 

d, g, p, s, t, X, z, are silent at the end of a word, 
grand, grahn ; trop, tro ; ses, ssay ; mort, morr ; 

fret, fra ; chez, shay. 

51. Do you never pronounce d, g, p, s, t, x, z, at the end 
of a word 1 

Yes, they are pronounced when they are followed 
by a word beginning with a vowel or h mute. 
gfrand^_^homnie, trop,^avant, tres^__^aimable, 
fort^^amcre, chez^^elle. 

52. How do you pronounce s or x followed by a word 
beginning with a vowel or h mutel 

Like z. 

grands^^hommes, grahn-zomm ; egaux^amis, 
a-go-zahme. 

53. How do you pronounce the t in tion 1 

Like ss. 
lotion, lo-sse-on. 



OF ACCENTS, THE CEDILLA, ETC. 11 

54. When do you not pronounce ent at the end of a 
word 7 

enl is never pronounced at the end of a verb, but 
is pronounced at the end of any other word, 
ils donnent, they give, il donn ; 
comment, commahn. 

55. Do you pronounce es at the end of a word 1 

Both the e and the sare silent at the end of words, 
except in monosyllables, where the e is pronounced, 
portes, porrt ; les, lay. 



OF ACCENTS, THE CEDILLA, AND THE APOSTROPHE. 

56, What is an accent 1 

An accent is a small line placed over the e, and 
sometimes over the other vowels. 

57, How many accents are there in French 1 

Three, the acute (aigu), grave (grave), and cir- 
cumflex (circonflex). 

58, What is Ihe acute accent ? 

The acute accent is a small line from the right to 
the left, and is only placed over the e, as : ecu. 
59- What is the grave accent 7 

The grave accent is a small line from the left to 
the right, generally placed upon the e and some- 
times upon the a and u, 

pere, la, a, ou. 

60. When do you put the grave accent upon the e 1 

When one or two consonants are placed between 
two e's, the latter of which is silent, the grave ac- 
cent must then be placed over the first e. 

frere, seche, fidele. 

61. What is the circumflex accent '? 

The circumflex accent is composed of the acute 
and grave and is placed upon all vowels. 
gateau, guepe, gite, bote, bruler. 

62. What is a cedilla 7 

A cedilla is a small round sign placed under the 
c to give it the sound of ss, before a, o, u. 
fran^ais, gar9on, re9U. 



12 OF GENDER. 

63. What is an apostrophe and when do you employ iti 
An apostrophe is a small comma, and marks the 
omission of a vowel in monosyllables, followed by a 
word, beginning with a vowel, or h mute, 
j'aime, I'homme. m'a, s'aime. 

Yery important remarks to the Pupil. 

1st. The pupil must always read very slowly and dis- 
tinctly. 

2nd. The pupil must pronounce all syllables equally, 
except the last, which must always be pronounced 
very long. 

SEE READING EXERCISES OF THE 2d AND 
3d DEGREE. 



N. B. The Teacher should let the pupil commence with 
the nouns and verbs at the same time- 

FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

CHAPTER I. 

1. How many parts of speech are there in the French 

language '? 

Nine. 1 Noun, 4 Pronoun, 7 Conjunction, 

2 Article, 5 Verb, 8 Preposition, 

3 Adjective, 6 Adverb, 9 Interjection. 

OF NOUNS. 

2. What is a Noun 1 

A Noun is a word, which serves to name a per- 
son, or thing, as : John, Jean; Man, Homme; peu, 
plume. 

OF GENDER. 

3. How many genders are there in the French lan- 

guage 1 

There are only two, the masculine and the fem- 
inine. 



OF NUMBER. 13 

4. Does the neuter gender exist in the French language? 

No. 

5. Are there any rules, by means of which you can learn 

the gender of nouns'? 

There are only few rules; the gender must be 
principally learned by practice. 

6. How does the dictionary indicate the gender of a 

noun 1 

If the noun is masculine, the letters " sm" are 
placed after it, but if feminine, it is followed by "sf." 

7. What is the meaning of " sm" and " sf ' 1 

"sm" means sub.stantive masculine, and "sf ' sub- 
stantive feminine. 

8. What nouns are generally masculine"? 

Nouns ending in s, t, 1, ent and eux are generally 
masculine ; those ending in e, ie, ion, eur are gene- 
rally feminine ; but there are a great many excep- 
tions from this rule. 

OF NUMBER. 

9. How many numbers are there in French 1 

Two, the singular and the plural. 

FORMATION OF THE PLURAL OF FRENCH NOUNS. 
GENERAL RULE. 

10. How do you form the plural of french nouns ^ 

By adding " s" to the singular, as: le pere, les 
peres, the father, the fathers. 

11. Does the s of the plural produce any change in the 
pronunciation 1 

No, it does not. 

EXCEPTIONS. 

12. How is the plural formed of nouns ending in s, x, 
or z — in the singular"? 

Nouns ending in s, x, or z remain unchanged, as, 
le bras, the arm, les bras, the arms, 
le nez, the nose, les nez, the noses, 
la noix, the nut, les noix, the nuts. 
2 



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14 



FRENCH NOUNS. 



13. How do you form the plural of nouns, ending in u, 
preceded by a vowel 1 

Nouns ending in u, preceded by a vowel, take an 
X, instead of s, as; 
le gateaa, the cake, les gateaux, the cakes, 

le feu, the fire, les feux, the fires, 

le joujou, the plaything, les joujoux, the play- 
things. 

14. Are there any exceptions from this rule 1 

Yes, as: clou, nail, trou, hole, 

fou, fool, matou, he-cat, 

verrou, lock, bleu blue ; 

these follow the general rule and take s in the 
plural, 

15. How is the plural formed of nouns, ending in al 
and ail 1 

Nouns ending in al and ail in the singular, change 
the al and ail into aux, as : 

le cardinal, the cardinal, les cardinaux, the 
cardinals, 

le travail, the labour, les travaux, the labours. 

16. "What words ending in al, or ail follow the general 
rule'? 

bal, ball, carnaval, carnaval, 

detail, particulars, serail, seraglio, 

eventail, fan, portail, portal. 

These follow the general rule and take s in the 
plural. 

17. What nouns have an irregular plural 1 

le betail, the cattle, les bestiaux, the cattle. 

I'aieul, the ancestor, les aieux, the ancestors, 

le ciel, the heaven, les cieux, the heavens. 

Toeil, the eye. les yeux, the eyes. 

18. Are there any nouns, which are only used in the 
plural '] 

les ciseaux, the scissors, les fian9ailles, the betrothal, 
les funerailles, the funeral, les mouchettes, the snuffers, 
les pincettes, the tongs, les richesses, the riches. 

MAKE EXERCISES, 1, 2. 



OF ARTICLES. 



OF CASES. 



laN \^ 



19- How many cases are there in the French language? 
Four, the nominative, or subjective case, 
the genitive, or possessive case, 
the dative and 
the accusative, or objective case. 



CHAPTER II. 



OF ARTICLES. 

20, What is an article 1 

An article is a word, placed before nouns, to limit 
their signification. 

21. How many articles are there in French 7 

Three, the definite, indefinite, and partitive ar- 
ticle. 

OF THE DEFINITIVE ARTICLE. 



22. 



23. 



Tell me the definite article. 

Singular, masculine, le ; feminine, la; the. 
Plural, both genders, les . . . the. 

Decline a noun with the definite article, masculine, 



singular. 



the book 
of the book 
to the book 
the book. 



Nom, le livre, 

Gen. du (instead of de le) livre, 

Dat. au ( "a le) livre, 

Ace le livre, 

24. Decline the following masculine nouns, with the 
definite article, sing. 

pere, father. fils, son. 

prince, prince. vin, wine, 

crayon, pencil. papier, paper. 

25. Decline a noun with the definite article, feminine, 
singular. 

Nom. la plume, the pen 

Gen. de la plume, of the pen 

Dat. a la plume, to the pen 

Ace. la plume, the pen. 



L^. 



16 OF ARTICLES. 

26. Decline the following feminine nouns, with the defi- 

nite article, sing. 

mere, mother. sceur, sister, 

fille, daughter. cousine, cousin, 

terre, earth. robe, frock. 

27. Decline a noun with the definite article, plural. 
Nom. les livres, the books 
Gen, des (instead of de les) livres of the books 
Dat. aux ( "a les) livres to the books 
Ace. les livres, the books. 

28. Decline the following nouns with the definite article, 

plural. 

pere, fils, sceur, 

prince, mere, cousine, 

crayon, fille, robe. 

29. Before what nouns do you employ the articles le 
and la 1 

Before nouns, beginning with a consonant. 

30. What article do you employ before words, begin- 
ning with a vowel or h mute ? 

1'; (1 apostrophe.) 

31. Decline a noun beginning with a vowel, with the 
definite article, sing. 

Nom. I'arbre, the tree 

Gen. de I'arbre, of the tree 

Dat. a I'arbre, to the tree 

Ace. I'arbre, the tree. 

32. Decline a noun beginning wdth h mute with the de- 

finite article, sing. 

Nom. I'habitude, the custom 

Gen. de I'habitude, of the custom 

Dat. a I'habiiude, to the custom 

Ace. I'habitude, the custom. 

33. How do you decline nouns, beginning with a vowel, 
or an h mute in the plural 1 

With les, des, aux, les. 

MAKE EXERCISES 3, 4. 



91 



INDEFINITE ARTICLE. 17 



SYNTAX OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE. 

34. "When do you employ the definite article in French? 

1st. When the article " the," is placed before ihe 
noun, in English. 

2nd. When I speak in a general way, although I 
do not employ the article "the," in English, as: 

la vertu est noble; virtue is noble, 
because all virtue is noble. 

35. What article do you place before the quarters of 
the globe, names of countries, rivers and moun- 
tains 1 

Always the definite article, as: 
I'Amerique, America. I'Europe, Europe, 

la France, France. I'Angleterre, Ergland. 

le Missouri, the Missouri, le Danube, the Danube, 
les Alpes, the Alps. les Cordilleras, the Cordil- 

[leras. 

MAKE EXERCISES, 5, 6. 
OF THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE. 

36. Tell me the definite article. 

Masculine, un; Feminine, une; a or an. 

37. Decline a noun with the indefinite article masculine. 

Noiii. un pore, a father 

Gen. d'un pere, of a father 

Dat. a un pere, to a father 

Ace. un pere, a father. 

38. Decline the following masculine nouns, with the in- 
definite article, 

arbre, t^'ee. frere, brother. 

ami, friend. garden , boy. 

enfant, child. village, village. 

39. Decline a noun with the indefinite article feminine. 

Nom. une mere, a mother 

Gen. d'une mere, of a mother 

Dat. a une mere, to a mother 

Ace. une mere, a mother. 
2* 



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liiiilri 



18 



OF THE PARTITIVE ARTICLE. 



40„ Decline the following feminine nouns with the in- 
definite article, 
chambre, room, porte, door, 

chaise, chair. table, table, 

maison, house. ville, city. 

41, Has the indefinite article a plural 'I 

No. 

42. When do you employ the indefinite article in french 1 
When the article " a or an" precedes a noun in 



English, 



MAKE EXERCISES 7, 8. 



OF THE PARTITIVE ARTICLE. 

43. Name the Partitive article. 

Sing. Masc. du, Fem. de la ; some. 
Plur. Both Genders, des, some. 

44. Decline a noun with the partitive article, Mas. Sing. 

Nom, du papier, some paper 

Gen. de papier, of some paper 

Dat. a du papier, to some paper 

Ace. du papier, some paper 

45. Decline the follov/ing masculine nouns with the par- 



titive article, Sin^. 
ble, grain, 
citron, lemon, 
fruit, fruit. 



gateau, cake, 
pain, bread, 
vin, wine. 



46, Decline a noun with the partitive article, Fem, Sing. 
Nom. de la biere, some beer 

Gen, debiere, of some beer 

Dat. a de la biere, to some beer 



Ace de la biere, 



some beer 



47. Decline the following feminine nouns with the parti- 
tive article, Sing. 

creme, cream. pomme, apple, 

moutarde, mustard, salade, salad. 

48. Decline a noun with the partitive article, Plural. 



^. 



'V -.. 



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OF THE PARTITIVE ARTICLE. 19 

Nom, de.s citrons, some lemons 

Gen. de citrons, of some lemons 

Dat. a deii citrons, to some lemons 

Ace. des citrons, some lemons 

49. Decline the following nouns with the partitive arti- 
cle plural. 

poire, pear. prune, plum, 

soupe, soup. sel, salt. 

50. Before what nouns do you employ the articles du 
and de lal 

Before nouns, beginning with a consonant. 

51. What article do you employ before nouns, beginning 
with a vowel or h mute 1 

De r, (de 1 apostrophe.) 

52. Decline a noun beginning with a vowel, with the 
partitive article. 

Nom. de 1' or, some gold 

Gen, d' or, of some gold 

Dat. a de 1' or, to some gold 

Ace. de r or, some gold 

53. Decline a noun, beginning with h mute, with the 
partitive article. 

Nom, de l' huile, some oil 

Gen. d' huile, of some oil 

Dat. a de 1' huile, to some oil 

Ace. de r huile, some oil 

54. How do you decline nouns, beginning with a vowel 
or h mute, in the plural 1 

With des, d', a des, des. 

55. Decline the following nouns with the partitive arti- 
cle, singular and plural. 

ble, fruit, creme, 

citron, gateau, salade, 

MAKE EXERCISES 9, 10. 






^ 



f 20 PARTITIVE ARTICLE. 

'/ 

SYNTAX OF THK PARTITIVE ARTICLE. 

56. When do you employ )he partitive article in French 1 
1st. When the word "some" (partitive) is placed 
before a noun in English, as, du pain, some bread. 

2d. When there is no article placed before a noun 
in English, yet, the word. " some" (partitive) maj 
be added, as : 

give me paper and ink, 
donnez-moi du papier et de I'encre. 

MAKE EXERCISES, 11, 12. 



GENERAL REMARKS ON THE THREE ARTICLES, 

57. What have you to observe about the article connect- 
ed with a noun 1 

The article must agree with its noun in gender 
and in number. 

58. What does this mean, " the article must agree with 

its noun in gender and number V 

It means, that when the noun ismasc. or fern., the 
masc. or fern, article must be placed before it. 

59. What does this mean, "the article must agree with 
its noun in number V 

It means, that when the noun is in the singular or 
plural, the article must be likewise in the singular 
or plural. 

60. Can a noun be used in French without an article 1 

No ; every noun (proper name of persons except- 
ed,) must be preceded by one of the three articles. 

61. What must you do, when there are several nouns 
in one phrased 

The article must be repeated before every noun, 
as; J'ai le livre et le papier, I have the book and 
paper. 

MAKE EXERCISES, 13, 14. 



. \ 



21 X 'V 



CHAP. III. 



OF ADJECTIVES. 

62. What is an adjective 1 

An Adjective is a word added to a noun or pro- 
noun and generally expresses quality. 

63. What have you to observe about adjectives connect- 
ed with nouns 1 

Adjectives connected with nouns must agree with 
them in gender and number. 

POSITION OF ADJECTIVES. 

64. Where do you place adjectives'? 

Generally after the noun ; as, 
une aveniure desagreable, an unpleasant adventure. 

65. Do you not place some adjectives before the noun 1 

The following adjectives only are always placed 
before the noun : 

beau, handsome. jeune, young. 

bon,good. mauvais, bad. 

brave, brave. mechant, wicked, 

cher, dear. petit, small, 

grand, great. vrai, true, 

gros, big. vieux, old. 

as, un beau gar9on, a handsome boy. 

66. Are there any adjectives which can be placed both 
before and after the noun 1 

Yes ; a knowledge of them is best acquired by 
practice, as, 
un aimable gar^on, or, un gar9on aimable. 

FORMATION OF THE PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES. 

67. How do you form the plnral of Adjectives 1 

The formation of the plural of adjectives is regu- 
lated by the same rules as those applied to nouns. 
(Seepage 13.) 

MAKE EXERCISE 15. 



-I T ^ . - i .^ ii ^ -pmy ^ 




22 



FORMATION OF THE FEMININE OF ADJECTIVES. 
GENERAL RULE. 

68. How do you derive the feminine of an adjective 
from its masculine 1 | 

By adding e mute ; as, | 

Masc. Fem. ' 

grand grande great. ". 

constant constante constant, 

vrai vraie true. 

69. How do you form the feminine of an adjective, the 
masculine of which ends in e mute. 

Adjectives ending in e mute, remain unchanged 
in the feminine ; as : 

Masc. Fem. 

aimable aimable amiable, 

jeune aimable young. , 

70. How do you form the feminine, when the masculine 
ends in e ? (e with an accent.) 

Adjectives ending in e, (e with an accent,) follow 
the general rule, by taking e mute, 
grave m. gravee f, engraved. 

MAKE EXERCISE 16. 
EXCEPTIONS. 

71. How do you make the feminine of adjectives ending 
in c 1 

Adjectives ending in c, change the c into che ; as : 

Masc. Fem. 

franc franche frank, 

sec seche dry. 

73. How do you make the feminine of adjectives, ending 
in f? 

Adjectives ending in f, change f into ve ; as : 

Masc. Fem. 

vif vive lively, 

bref breve short. 



IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES. 



23 



\J 



73. What adjectives double the last consonaat before 
e mutel 

1st. Adjectives ending in el and ul 



76. 



2d. 


( ( ( 




on 


3d. 


1 ( ( 


OS 


and as 


4th. ♦ 


( ( ( 




et 


Masc. 


Fern. 






as cruel 


cruelle 




cruel 


nul 


nulle 




void. 


bon 


bonne 




good. 


gros 


grosse 




big. 


bas 


basse 




low. 


net 


nette 




neat. 



74. How do you make the feminine of adjectives ending 
in X and eur 1 

Adjectives ending in x and eur, change the x and 
r into se ; as 



Masc. 


Fem. 




heureux 


heureuse 


happy. 


jaloux 


jalouse 


jealous. 


flatteur 


flatteuse 


flattering. 


What adjectives 


ending in eur 


, follow the general 


rulel 






Masc. 


Fem. 




exterieur, 


exterieure, 


exterior. 


interieur, 


interieure, 


interior. 


superieur, 


superieure, 


superior. 


inferieur, 


inferieure, 


inferior. 


raeilleur, 


meiileure, 


better. 


IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES. 


Name the a<ljectives having an 


irregular formation 


of the feminine. 






Masc. 


Fem. 




accusateur 


accusatrice 


accusing 


benin 


benigue 


benign 


caduc 


caduque 


decrepit 


doux 


douce 


soft, sweet 


faux 


fausse 


false 


favori 


favorite 


favorite 


frais 


fraiche 


fresh 


grec 


greque 


greek 


long 


tongue 


long 



U^ I 



T — r — I — r ■■[••••r 



24 



DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 






Masc. 




Fem. 




jumeau 




jumelle 


twin 


malin 




maligne 


malignant 


public 




publique 


public 


pecheur 




pecheresse 


sinful 


roux 




rouge 


red 


traitre 




traitresse 


treacherous 


turc 




turque 


Turkish 


vengeur 




vengeresse 


avenging 


^hat adjectives have a double 


masculine ? 




Masc 


Fern. 




beau 


bel 


belle 


beautiful. 


fou 


fol 


foUe 


mad. 


inou 


mol raolle 


soft. 


nouveau 


nouvel nouvelle new. 


vieux 


vieil vieille 


old. 



78. When do you employ beau and when bel, &c. "? 

Bel, fol, mol, nouvel, vieil, are placed before 
nouns, beginning with a vowel, or h mute. 

Beau, fou, mou, nouveau, vieux, are placed be- 
fore nouns beginning with a consonant, as : 
un beau gar9on a beautiful boy 

un bel homme a beautiful man 

un bel arbre a beautiful tree 

MAKE EXERCISES 17, 18, 19. 

Remark to the Teacher. — The teacher must alternately 
ask the pupil the masculine and feminine of adjectives. 



DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 



79 



How do you decline adjectives with nouns 1 

By simply placing the adjective between the arti- 
cle and noun, or after the noun and article ; as ; 
N. le bon pere the good father 

G. du bon pere of the good father 

D. au bon pere to the good father 

A. le bon pere the good father 

80. Decline the following adjectives and nouns, with 
the articles. 



V 



COMPARISON OF INFERIORITY. 25 

le grand homme the g:reat man 

r aimable gari^on the amiable boy 

le village tranquille the quiet village 

la bonne mere the good mother, 

la grande dame the great lady 

V aimable fille the amiable girl. 

MAKE EXERCISE, 20. 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

81. How many comparisons are there in Freneh 1 

Three, the comparison of superiority, inferiority, 
and equality. 

82. How many degrees of comparison are there in 
French 1 

Three, the positive, comparative, and superlative. 

COMPARISON OF SUPERIORITY. 

83. How do you form the comparative of superiority "? 

By placing "plus, more," before the positive of 
the adjective. 

grand, great, plus grand, greater, 

heureux, happy, plus heureux, happier. 

84. How do you form the superlative of superiority 1 

By placing the definite article before "plus." 
plus grand, greater, le plus grand, the greatest, 
plus belle, handsomer, la plus belle, the handsomest, 
plus jolis, prettier, les plus jolis, the prettiest. 

85. What adjectives have an irregular comparison of 
superiority 1 

bon,good, meilleur, better, le meilleur, the best, 
mauvais, bad, pire, worse, le pire, the worst, 

petit, small, moindre, smaller, le moindre, the smallest, 
petit is likewise regular, as : plus petit, le plus petit. 

COMPARISON OF INFERIORITY. 

86. How do you form the comparative of inferiority? 

By placing " moins, less," before the positive of 
the adjective. 

3 



\> 






26 SYNTAX OF THE ADJECTIVE. 



;. grand, great, moins grand, less great, 

/! belle, handsome, moins belle, less handsome, 

:l egaux, equal, moins egaux, less equal, 

j« • 87. How do you form the superlative of inferiority % 

1^ By placing the definite article before moins, as 

Hi le moins grand, the least great, 

*'*• ' la moins belle, the least handsome. 

01 les moins egaux, the least equal. 

COMPARISON OF EQUALITY. 

88. How do you form the comparison of equality 1 

By placing aussi, as, before the adjective and que, 
as, after it ; as 
aussi bon que vous, as good as you. 

MAKE EXERCISES, 21, 22, 23. 



SYNTAX OF THE ADJECTIVE. 

89. In what number and gender must you place an ad- 
jective belonging to two or more masculine nouns 1 

In the plural masculine ; as 
le pere et le fils sont grands, 
father and son are great. 

90. In what number and gender must you place an ad- 
jective belonging to two or several feminine nouns 1 

In the feminine plural ; as 

la mere et la fille sont grandes, 
mother and daughter are great. 

91. In what number and gender must you place an ad- 
jective belonging to two or several nouns of different 
genders 1 

In the masculine plural : as 
la mere et le fils sont grands, 
mother and son are great. 

93. What have you to observe about the article of the 
superlative 1 

1st. When the superlative is placed before the 
noun, the article of the superlative belongs likewise 
to the noun ; as 

le plus grand homme, the greatest man. 



OF ADJECTIVES OF NUMBER, 



/ 



27 



\ 



2d. When thesuperlaiiv^e is placed after the noun, 
the article must be repeated before the noun ; as 
rhomme le plus grand, the greatest man. 

MAKE EXERCISE, 24. 



OF ADJECTIVES OF NUMBER. 

93. How many adjectives of number are there in French- 
Two, cardinal and ordinal numbers. 



94. 



CARDINAL NUMBERS. 

Tell me the cardinal numbers. 



1. 


un, une 


70. 


soixante-dii 


2. 


deux 


71. 


soixante-onze 


3. 


troi.s 


72. 


soixanie-douze 


4. 


quatre 


73. 


soixante-treize 


5. 


cinq 


74. 


soixante-quatorze 


6. 


six (pronounced 


ssiz) 75. 


soixante-quinze 


7. 


sept (ssett) 


76. 


soixante-seize 


8. 


huit (wit) 


77. 


soixante-dix-sept 


9. 


neuf 


78. 


soixante-dix-huit 


10. 


dix (diz) 


79. 


soixante-dix-neuf 


11. 


onze 


80. 


quatre-vingt 


12. 


douze 


90. 


quatre- vingt-dix 


13. 


treize 


91. 


quatre-vingt-onze 


14. 


quatorze 


92. 


quatre-vingt-douze 


15. 


quinze 


93. 


quatre- vingt-treize 


16. 


seize 


94. 


quatre-vingt-quatorze 


17. 


dix-sept 


100. 


cent 


18. 


dix-huit 


101. 


cent-et-un 


19. 


dix-neuf 


102. 


cent deux 


20. 


vingt (van) 


103. 


cent trois 


21. 


vingt-et-un 


200. 


deux cents 


22. 


vingt-deux 


300. 


trois cents 


30. 


trenie 


1,000. 


mille 


31. 


trente-et-un 


1,200. 


douze cents 


40. 


quarante 


10,000. 


dix mille 


50. 


cinquante 


100,000. 


cent mille 


60. 


soixante 


1,000,000. 


un million 



Auk 



28 



ORDINAL NUMBERS. 



ORDINAL NUMBERS. 

95. Tell the ordinal numbers. 



1st. premier, premiere 

2d. second, seconde 

3d. troisieme 

4th. quatrieme 

5th. cin qui erne 

6th. sixieme 

7th. septieme 

8th. huitieme 

9th. neuvieme 
10th. dixieme 
11th. onzieme 
12th. douzieme 
13th. treizieme 
14th. quatorzieme 
15th. quinzieme 
20th. 



21st. vingt-et-unieme 
22d. vini^t-deuxieme 
30th. trentieme 
40th. quarantieme 
50th. cinquaniieme 
60th. soixantieme 
70th. soixante-dixieme 
80th. quatre-vingtieme 
90th. quatre-vingt-dixieme 
100th. centieme 
200ih. deux-centieme 
l,0i»0th. millieme 
l,200ih. douze centieme 
10,000th. dix millieme 



vingticme 



100,000th. cent millieme 
1,000,000th. millionieme 

96. How do you say in French, once, twice, three times'? 

une fois, deux fois, trois fois, dix fois, vingt fois, 
cent fois, &c. 

97. Tell the principal nouns of number. 



rentier, 
la moitie, 
le quart, 
une paire, 
le double, 
le triple, 



the whole, 
the half, 
the quarter, 
a couple, 
double, 
treble. 



une douzaine, a dozen, 
unedemi-dou-^^j^^^^^^^ 

zaine, 
une quinzaine, a fortnight 
une vingtaine, a score. 



98. What numbers do you use in naming the days of the 
month 1 

The cardinal numbers, except in naming the first 
day. 



Dimanche le premier Janvier, 
Lundi le deux Fevrier, 
Mardi le trois Mars, 
Mercredi le quatre Arril, 
Jeudi le cinq Mai, 
Vendredi le six Juin, 
Saraedi le sept. Juillet, 
Dimanche le huit Aout, (oo) 
Lundi le neuf Septembre, 



Sunday the 1st of January. 
Monday the 2d of February. 
Tuesday the 3d of March. 
Wednesday the 4rh of April. 
Thursday the 5th of May. 
Friday the 6th of June. 
Saturday the 7th of July. 
Sunday the 8th of August. 
Monday the 9th of September. 



/ 



\ 

OF PRONOUNS. 29 

Mardi le dix Octobre, Tuesday the 10th of October, 

Mercredi le onze Novembre, Wednesday llth of November. 
Jeudi le douze Decembre, Thursday the l:ith of December 

99. How do you say Geors:e the 1st, 2d, 3d, &c. "? 

Georges premier, Georges deux, irois, dix, &c. 

MAKE EXERCISES, 25, 26. 



CHAPTER IV. 

OF PRONOUNS. 

100. What is a pronoun 1 

A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. 

101. How are pronouns divided 1 

Into personal, possessive, demonstrative, relative, 
interrogative, and indefinite pronouns. 

102. How many persons have pronouns ] 

Three — the first person, who speaks ; the second, 
who is spoken to ; and the third, who is spoken of. 

103. Have pronouns the same modifications as nouns '? 

Yes, two numbers, two genders, and four cases. 

104. What have you generally to observe about pro- 
nouns 1 

Pronouns must agree with their nouns, in person, 
number, and gender. 

OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

105. How many personal pronouns are there in French? 

Three — conjunctive, disjunctive, and reflected 
personal pronouns. 

106- What is a conjunctive personal pronoun '? 

A personal pronoun immediately connected with 
a verb. 

107. What is a disjunctive personal pronoun '? 

A personal pronoun, which is either connected 
with a preposition, c r standing alone. 

108. What pronouns are I, it, to you, in the phrase? 

I give it to you, je vous le donne. 

3* 



30 CONJUNCTIVE AND DISJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS. 

[ ' Je, vous, and le, are conjunctive personal pro- 

nouns, because they are immediately connected 
with the verb donne, give. 

109. What pronouns are je, le, vous, in the phrase, je le 
fais pour vous, I do it for you 1 

Je, le, are conjunctive, because they are immedi- 
ately connected with the verb fais, but vous is dis- 
junctive, because it is connected with the preposi- 
tion pour. 



TABLE OF CONJUNCTIVE AND DISJUNCTIVE PERSO- 
NAL PRONOUNS. 

110. Decline the first person of the personal pronouns. 

Conjunctive, Disjunctive. 

Sing. Nom. je, moi, I. 

Gen. en, de moi, of or from me. 

Dat. me, m' a moi, to me. 

Ace. me. m' moi, me. 

Plur. Nom. nous, nous, we. 

Gen. en, de nous, of or from us. 

Dat. nous, a nous, to us. 

Ace. nous, nous, us. 

111. Decline the second person. 

Sing. Nom. tu, toi, thou. 

Gen. en, de toi, of or from thee. 

Dat. te, t' a toi, to thee. 

Ace. te, t' toi, thee. 

Plur. Nom. vous, ' vous, you. 

Gen. en, de vous, of or from you. 

Dat. vous, a vous, to you. 

Ace. vous, vous, you. 

112. Of what gender are the first and second person of 
personal pronouns 1 

Of both genders. 

113. Decline the third person masculine. 

Sing. Nom. il, lui, he or it. 



Gen. en, de lui, of or from him or it 

Dat. lui, a lui, to him or it 

Ace le, r lui, him or it 



I 



REFLECTED PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 31 

Plur. Nom. ils, eux, • they. 

Gen. en, d'eux, of or from them. 

Dat. leur, d eux, to them. 

Ace les, eux, them. 

114. Decline the third person feminine. 

Sing. Nom. elle, elle, she or it. 

Gen. en, d'elle, of or from her or it 

Dat. lui, a elle, to her or it 

Ace. la, r elle, her or it 

Plur. Nom. elles, elles, they. 

Gen. en, d'elles, of or fromlhem. 

Dat. leur, a elles, to them. 

Ace. les, elles, them. 

REFLECTED PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

115. How do you make reflected personal pronouns 1 

By merely adding the word meme, self, to the 
disjunctive personal pronouns ; as 

moi-meme, myself ; toi-meme. thyself ; lui-meme, 
himself or itself ; elle-meme, herself or itself ; nous- 
memes, ourselves ; vous-memes, yourselves ; eux- 
memes, elles-memes, themselves ; and soi-meme, 
himself, herself, and itself. 

116. How do you decline the reflected personal pro- 
nouns! 

With de in the genitive and a in the dative. 

117. Does there not exist any reflected personal pronoun, 
which cannot be declined *? 

Yes ; se, himself, herself, itself, and themselves. 

SYNTAX OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

118- Where do you place conjunctive personal pronouns ? 
Immediately before the verbs by which they are 
governed; as: 
I love you, I you love, Je vous aime. 

I give it to you, I to you it give, Je vous le donne. 

119. Where do you place conjunctive personal pronouns 
in interrogations 1 



32 PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

In interrogations the nominatives are placed 
after, but the other cases before the verb ; as: 

Have you seen him 1 him have you seen 1 1'avez- 
vous vu 1 

120. Where do you place conjunctive personal pronouns 
in the imperative mood 1 

When the imperative is affirmative, the conjunc- 
tive personal pronouns are placed after the verb, as 
in English ; as : 

Give it to him, donnez-le lui. 

121. Can you employ me and te in the affirmative im- 
perative 1 

No; but moi andtoi; as: 
donnez-moi, give me, instead oP donnez-me, 

tue-toi, kill thyself, instead of tue-te. 

122. Where do you place the conjunctive personal pro- 
nouns, when the imperative is negative 1 

Before the verb, according to the general rule ; 
as: 

give it not to him, not it to him give, ne le lui 
donnez pas. 

123. When there are several conj. pers. pronouns in 
one sentence, in what order do you place them 1 

Je, me, tu, te, il, elle, se, nous, vous, ils, elles, are 
placed before le, la, les ; le, la, les, before lui leur ; 
lui, leur before y, and y before en, as: 

Je vous le donne, I give it lo you. In this sen- 
tence, for ininstance vous is placed before le. 

Remark to the teacher. — The teacher should give the 
pupil a great many examples on these very important 
rules. 

1st. I have divided the personal pronouns into conjunc- 
tive and disjunctive afferDe Porquet, having found this 
division, the best adapted to the capacities of children. 

2nd. The pupil will much easier learn the proper po- 
sition of personal pronouns, by first placing them in 
English according to the preceding rules, and then 
translating the sentence into French 



^ 



o. Pos,.s.v. P.0.0... 33 . ^ 

124. Where do you place disjunctive personal pronouns T 
After the verb to which they belong. 

MAKE EXERCISES 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32. 



OF POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 

125. How many possessive pron, are there in French "i 

Two, conjunctive and disjunctive. 

126. What are conjunctive possessive pronouns'? 

Those which are connected with and stand before 
nouns ; as ; mon livre, my book. 

127. What are disjunctive possessive pronouns "? 

Those which have only reference to a noun ; a:s 
quel livre avez-vous trouve *? le mien, 
what book have you found 1 mine. 

CONJUNCTIVE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 

128. Tell me the conjunctive possessive pronouns. 

Masc. Fern, both Gend. 





Sin, 


gular 


Plural. 




1st Person 


mon 


ma 


mes 


my 


2d 


ton 


ta 


tes 


thy 


3d « 


son 


sa 


ses 


his, her 


1st " 


notre 


notre 


nos 


our 


2d " 


votre 


votre 


vos 


your 


3d « 


leur 


leur 


leurs 


their 



129. How do you decline conj. possessive pronouns'? 

With de in the genitive and a in the dative. 

130. Decline the first person of conjunctive possessive 
pronouns. 

Masc. Sing. N. mon livre, my book 

G. de mon livre, of my book 

D. a mon livre, to my book 

A. mon livre, my book. 

Fern, Sing. N. ma fleur, my flower 

G. de ma fleur, of my flower 

D. a ma fleur, to my flower 

A- ma fleur, my flower 



34 



POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 



Plur. N. mes livres, 

G, de mes livres, 

D. a mes livres, 

A. mes livres, 



my books 
of my books 
to my books 
my books. 



The teacher must let the pupil decline all the 

persons. 

131, Do you employ ma, ta, sa, before a feminine noun 
beginning with a vowel or h mute 1 

No ; mon, ton, son, must then be made use ; as: 
son absence, his or her absence, not, sa absence. 

132. With what must the conjunctive possessive pro- 
noun agree in number and gender 1 

With the noun, before which it standing^. 

MAKE EXERCISES 33, 34. 



OF DISJUNCTIVE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 



133. Tell me the disjunctive possessive pronouns. 

Plur. 
les miens 



1st Pers. Masc. 

2d 

3d 

1st " 

2d 

3d 



Sing, 
le mien 
le tien 
le sien 



le notre 
le votre 
le leur 



les tiens 
les siens 

les notres 
les votres 
les leurs 



2d 
3d 

1st 
2d 
3d 



(I 

<c 
(( 



la tienne 
la sienne 

la notre 
la votre 
la leur 



les tiennes 
les siennes 

les notres 
les votres 
les- leurs 



134. Decline le mien. 



mme 
thine 
his, hers. Its 

ours 

yours 

theirs. 



1st Pers. Fern, la mienne les miennes mine 



thine 

his, hers, its 

ours 

yours 

theirs 



Sins 



N, le mien 
G. du mien 
D. au mien 
A. le mien 



Plur. 



les miens mine 

des miens of or from mine 

aux miens to mine 

les miens mine. 



DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN'S. 35 

Sing. Nom.la inienne, Plu. les miennes, mine 

Gen. dela mieone, des mien ne>, of or from mine 
Dat. a la mienne, aux miennes, to mine 
Ace la mienne, les miennes, mine 

The teacher must let the pupil decline all the other 
persons. 

135. With what must the disjunctive possessive pro- 
nouns agree 1 

With the noun to which it has reference. 

136. What is the difference between notre and votre, 
(conjunctive) and notre and votre, (disjunctive.) 7 

Notre and voire, (disjunctive) have a circumflex 
accent over the o. Notre and votre, (conjunctive,) 
are written without an accent. 

MAKE EXERCISES 35, 36. 



OF DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 

137. How many demonstrative pronouns are there in 
French. 

Two, conjunctive and disjunctive. 

138. What are conjunctive demonstrative pronouns 1 

Those which are connected with and stand before 
nouns ; as: ce livre, this, or that book. 

139. What are disjunctive demonstrative pronouns 1 

Those, which have only reference to nouns ; as : 
quel livre, which bookl celui-ci, this, or that here- 

140. With what must demonstrative pronouns agree 1 

Willi the noun, before which they are standing, or 
to which they have reference. 

CONJUNCTIVE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 

141. Tell me the conjunctive demonstrative pronouns. 

Sing. Mas. ce, cet ; Fem. cette, this or that. 
Plu. ces, these or those. 



L 



36 



DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 



I 



!i 



: 






u 



1 



142. When do you employ ce and when cet 1 

Ce before nouns beginning with a consonant, and 
cet before a vowel, or h mute. 

143. 



Sing. 



How do you decline these pronouns'? 
With de in the genitive and a in the dative. 

Masc. Nom. ce livre. 
Gen. de ce Jivre, 
Dat. a ce livre, 
Ace. ce livre, 

Sing. Fern. Nom. cette fleur, 



this or that book, 
of this or that book, 
to this or that book, 
this or that book, 

this or that flower. 
Gen. de cette fleur, of this or that flower, 
Dat. a cette fluer, to this or that flower, 
Ace. cetie fleur, this or that flower, 

Plur. Both Gend. Nom. ces livres, these or those books. 
Gen. de ces livres, of these or those books, 
Dat. a ces livres, to these or those books, 
Ace. ces livres, these or those books, 

MAKE EXERCISE 37. 
DISJUNCTIVE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 



Sing. Masc. 



144. Tell me the disjunctive demonstrative pronouns. 

Fern. 

celai celle this 

celui-ci ce.Ue-ci this or that here 

celui-la celle-la this or that there 

Masc. and Fern, ceci this or that here 

this or that there 

these or those 
these or those here 
these or those there 

145. How do you decline the disjunctive demonstrative 
pronouns 1 

With de in the genitive and a in the dative; as, 
N. celui this 

G, de celui of this 

D. a celui to this 

A. celui this 

MAKE SXEHCISES 38, 39. 





cela 


Plur. Masc, 


Fem. 


ceux 


celles 


ceux-ci 


celles-ci 


ceux-la 


cel!es-la 



c 



INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 37 



OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 

146. How many relative pronouns are there in French 1 

Two, relative pronouns which are declined with 
de in the genitive and a in the dative ; and relative 
pronouns, which are declined with the definite 
article. 

147. Decline the first class of relative pronouns. 

Masc. and Fern. Sing, and Plural. 

N. qui who, or which 

G. de qui or dont whose, of whom, or which 

D. a qui to whom 

A. que whom. 

148. Decline the second class. 

Sing. Plural. 

Masc. N. lequel lesquels wlio, or which 

G. duquel desquels of whom, or which 

D. auquel auxquels to whom, or which 

A. lequel lesquels whom, or which 

Sing. Plural. 

Fern. N. laquelle lesquelles who, or which 

G. de laquelle desquelles of whom, which 

D. a laquelle auxqnelles to whom, which 

A. laquelle lesquelles whom, which 

MAKE EXERCISES 40, 41, 



OF INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 

I 49- How many kinds of interrogative pronouns arc 
there 1 

Two, interrogative pronouns declined with de in 
the genitive and a in the dative, and those declined 
with the definite article. 

150. Tell me the interrogative pronouns, which are de- 
clined with de and a. 

qui, who ; quoi, what; for both genders. 
Masc. Sing. quel. Plur. quels. 
Fern. Sing, quelle. Plur. quelles, which. 
4 



I 

^ 



38 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 

151. Tell me those declined with the definite article. 

lequel, lesquels, laquelle, lesquelles, who or 
which. 

152. Decline them. 

see page 37. 

153. What is the difference between quel, quelle and 
lequel, laquelle. 

GLuel, quelle must be always connected with a 
noun, and lequel, laquelle stand alone. 

MAKE EXERCISES 42, 43. 
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 

154. How many kinds of indefinite pronouns are there 1 

Two. indefinite pronouns declined with the defi- 
nite or indefinite article, and those declined with de 
in the genitive and a in the dative. 

155. Tell me the first kind of indefinite pronouns. 

autre, other. certain, certain, 

meme, same. tel, such. 

156. Tell me the second class of indefinite pronouns. 

aucun, nobody, 
autrui, others, 
chaque, each, 
chacun, every, 
quelqu'un, somebody, 
quiconque, whoever, 
quelque, some. 

157. Can you decline the indefinite pronoun " on" 1 

On — one, somebody, people, they, can never be 
declined. 

158. In what person and number must you put the verb 
after "on?" 

In the third person singular ; as 

on parle, they speak. 

MAKE EXERCISES, 44, 45. 



qui que, 
quoique, 
nul, 


whoever, 
whatever, 
no, none. 


personne, 
plusieurs 


nobody, 
, several. 


tout. 


all, every. 


un, 


a, an. 



OF VERBS. 39 



CHAPTER V. 



OF VERBS. 

159. What is a verb ? 

A verb is a word, which signifies to be, to act, or 
to be acted upon. 

160- How are the verb.s divided 1 

Into auxiliary, regular, and irregular verbs. 

161. How many moods have verbs 1 

Five — the infinitive, the indicative, the condition- 
al, the imperative, and the subjunctive mood. 

162. How are the tenses divided'? 

Into simple and compound tenses. 

163. Name the simple tenses. 

The present, the first imperfect, the second imper- 
fect or preterit, the future, and the conditional pre- 
sent. 

164. Name the compound tenses- 

The perfect, the first and second pluperfect, the 
future compound, and the conditional past. 

165. How many numbers have verbs 1 

Two, the singular and plural. 

166. How many persons 1 

Three persons in each number. 

OF THE PARTICIPLE. 

167. Can the participle past be changed 1 

When the participle past is connected with the 
auxiliary verb avoir it always remains unchanged: 
as — my sisters have spoken, mes sceurs ont parle. 

But when it is connected with the auxiliary verb 
etre, it must agree with its^noun or pronoun in 
number and gender ; as 

my sisters are gone out, mes sceurs sont sorties. 



40 AUXILIARY VERBS. - 

168. Does the participle always remain unchanged, 
when it is connected with the verb avoir 1 

When the accusatives me, if, se, le, la, les, (not 
the article but the pronoun) nous, vous, que, are 
placed before the participle, then it must agree with 
them in number and gender ; as 

the city which I have seen, la ville que j'ai vue. 

she has hurt herself, elle s'est blessee. 

169. In what mood do you find the verb in the diction- 
aries 1 

In the infinitive mood present. The verb is al- 
ways followed by the letter v, which means verb. 

Remarks to the Teacher. — The following plan will be 
found very useful in teaching the conjugations of the 
verbs : 

1st. — The pupil must tell the whole verb, simple and 
compound tenses, without interruption, from beginning 
to the end. 

2d. — The teacher must ask the pupil the tenses sep- 
arately. 

3d. — The teacher must ask the pupil separate persons, 
alternately in French and English. 

AUXILIARY VERBS. 

170. How many auxiliary verbs are there in French 1 

Two — avoir, to have, and etre, to be. 

171. Conjugate the auxiliary verb ** avoir." 

AVOIR, to have. 



INFINITIVE. 

Present, avoir, to have. 
Past. avoir eu, to have had. 



PARTICIPLES. 

Present. ay ant, having. 

Past. eu, had. (pronounce u.) 

Compound, ayant^^eu, having had. 



AUXILIARY VERBS. 



41 



INDICA 

Present. 

I have, 
ihou hast, 
he or she has 
we have. 
you have. 



they have. 






j'ai, 
tu as, 

il ou elle a, 
nous^avons, 
vous^^avez, 
ils^ou elles 
v_,ont, 

First Imperfect. ^ 

j'avais, I had, '"' 

tu avals, thou hadst, ^ 

il avait, he had, S: 

nous^avion.s, we had, s- 
vous^aviez, you had, 
ils^avaient, they had. 

Second Imperfect or Preterit. 
j'eus, 1 had. 

tu eus, thou hadst, 

il eul, he had. 

nous^eumes, we had. 
vous^euies, you had. 
ils^eurent, they had. 

Future simple. 

j'aurai, ^ '^i'l'^' ""^^^ 

•" ' have. 

tu auras, thou wilt have. 

il aura, he will have. 

nous^aurons, we shall have. 

vous^aurez, you will have. 

ils^^auront, they will have. 



TIVE. 

Perfect. 
j'ai eu, 
tu as^eu, 
il ou elle a eu, 
nous^avons^eu, 
vous^avez^eu, 

ils_ou elles^ont^eu, 



First Pluperfect. 
j'avais^eu, 
tu avais^ eu. 



fcr* 



H^ il avait^eu, 



avions^eu, 
,aviez^eu, 
.eu. 






nous 

vous_^ 

ils,^avaient^v,»^, 

Second Pluperfect. 
j'eus^_^eu, 
tu eus^eu, 
il eut^eu, 
nous^eumes^^eu, 
vous^eutes^eu, 
ils^eurent^eu, 

Future compound. *-^ 



fcf 
P 

p 



J aurai eu, 

tu auras^eu, 
il aura eu, 
nous^aurons^eu, 
vous^aurez^^eu, 
ils^auront^eu, 



Conditional Past. 
j'aurais^eu, 

tu aurais^eu, 



Conditional Present. 

; ■ I should, could, 

J aurais, ^^ ^^^j^ j^^^^ 

.„ o„,.„;o thoushouldst 

tu aurais, u 

' have. 

il auraif, he should have- 

nous^aurions, weshould have, 

vous^auriez, you should have vous^auriez^eu, 

ils auraient, they should have ils auraient^eu, 

4* 



il aurait^eu, 
nous^aurion.s. 



p 

ST- 
P 



IS- 

II 

< o 

ft. ^ 



eu ^=. 

P-o 



f 



42 



AUXILIARY VERBS. 



IMPERATIVE. 



aie, 

qu'il ait, 
ayoDs, 
ayez, 
qu'ils aient, 



have (thou), 
let him have, 
let us have, 
have (you), 
let them have. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present. Perfect. 

que j'aie, that I may que j'aie eu, 

que tu aies, that thou mayst que tu aies^eu, 
qu'il ait, that he may ?» qu'il ait^eu, 

que nous ayons,that we may q que nous ayons eu, 

que vous^ayez^eu, 
qu'ils^aient^eu. 

Perfect. 
que 
j'eusse eu, 
tu eusses^^eu, 
il eut^eu, 
nous^eussions^eu 
vous^eussiez^eu 
ils^eussent^ eu, 



que vous ayez,that you may 
qu'ils aient, that they may 

Imperfect- 
que that 

j'eusse, I might 

tu eusses, thou mightst tr* 
il eut, he might % 

nous^eussions, we mig:ht ^ 



vous. eussiez 



you might 
they might 



ils^eussent, 

MAKE EXERCISES, 46 5 47, 48. 



< '^ 

CO t_| 



s-3 

fx3r<3 



172. Conjugate the auxiliary verb " etre. 
ETRE, to be. 



Present. 
Past. 



INFINITIVE. 



etre, 
avoir ete. 



to be. 

to have been. 



PARTICIPLES. 



Present etant, 

Past. ete 

Compound, ayanl^ete, having 



being, 
been. 



been. 



1 



AUXILIARY VERBS. 



43 





INDICATIVE. 


Present. 


Perfect. 


je suis, 


1 am. 


j'ai 6te, 


tu es, 


thou art. 


tu as^ete, 


il est, 


he is. 


il a eie, 


nous sommes, 


we are. 


nous^avons^ete, 


vous^etes, 


you are. 


vous^avez_,eie, 


lis sont, 


they are. 


ils^ont^et^. 


First ImperfecU 


First Pluperfect. 


j'etais, 


I was. 


j'avais^ete, 


tu etais. 


thou wast. 


tu avais^ete. 


il eta it, 


he was. 


il avait^ete, 


iious_^etions5 


we were. 


nous^avions^cte, 


vous^etiez, 


you were. 


vous^aviez^ete, 


ils^etaient, 


they were. 


ils^avaient^ete, 


'2d Imperfect or Preterit. 


2d Pluperfect. 


je fus, 


I was. 


j'eus^ete. 


tu fus, 


thou wast. 


tu eus^ete, 


il fut, 


he was. 


il eut^etc, 


nous fumes, 


we were. 


nous^eumes^ele. 


vous futes, 


you were. 


vous^eutes^ete, 


ils furent, 


they were. 


ils^eurent^ete, 


Future 


Simple. 


Future Compound 


je serai, 


I shall be. 


j'aurai ele, 


lu seras, 


thou wilt be. 


tu auras^ete, 


il sera. 


he will be. 


il aura ete, 


nous serons, 


we shall be. 


nous^aurons^ete. 


vous serez, 


you will be. 


vous^aurez^ete, 


il seront, 


they will be. 


ils^auront^et^, 






cr 

CO 

n 

3 



cr 

P 



p 

ro 

3 



P9 



< 

o 

cr 

A 

P 



Conditional Present. Conditional Past. 

je serais, I should be. j'aurais^ete, 
tu serais, thou would'st be.tu aurais^ete, 

il serait, he would be. il aurait^ete, 

nous serions, we should be. nous^aurions^etc, 

vous seriez, you would be. vous^auriez^ete, 

ils seraient, they would be. ils^auraient^6te, 



a> 

P 

' P- 

P 

< 



SI 



44 



REGULAR VERBS. 
IMPERATIVE. 



SOIS, 

qu'il soit, 
soyons, 
soyez, 
qu'ils soient, 



be (thou), 
lei him be. 
let us be. 
be (you), 
let them be. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present. Perfect. 

que that que 

je sois, I may be. j'aie ete, 

tu sois, thou may'st be. tu aies^ete, 

11 soit, he may be. il ait^ete, 

nous soyons, we may be. nous^ayons^ete, 

vous soyez, you may be. vous^ayez^ete, 

ils soient, they may be. ils^aient^ete, 

Imperfect. Pluperfect- 

que that que 

je fusse, I might be. j'eusse ete, 

lu fusses. thou might'st be.tu eusses^ete, 

il fut, he might be. il eOt^ete, 

nous fussions, we might be. nous^eussions^ete, 

vous fussiez, you might be. vous^eussiez^ete, 

ils fussent, they might be. ils^eussent^ete, 

MAKE EXERCISES 49, 50, 51. 



ts- 


H 


p 


Sr 


< 


P 


fD 


^^ 


cr 


1-^ 


fD 


R 


tJ 


P3 




^ 


to 

< 


H 

P 


CD 


HH 


cr 


B 


rti 




3 'CfQ 


• 


!=r 



REGULAR VERBS. 

173. How many conjugations have regular verbs 1 
Four: — 

the first conjugation of verbs ending in er asdonner, 
the second " " " ir as finir, 

the third " " *•' oir as recevoir. 

the fourth " " " re as rendre. 



FIRST CONJUGATION. 

FIRST CONJUGATION. 
174. Conjugate the verb " donner." 



45 



DONNER, to give. 



INFINITIVE. 

Present, donner, to give. 

Past. avoir donne, to have given. 



Present. 

Past. 

CompouTid. 



PARTICIPLES. 

donnant, en donnant, 

donne, 

ayant donne, 



giving, 
given, 
having given. 



INDICATIVE. 



Present 
je donne, I 

tu donnes, 
il donne, 
nous donnons, 
vous donnez, 
ils donnent, 



give, 
ihou givest. 
he gives, 
we give, 
you give, 
ihey give. 



Pirst Imperfect. 



je donnais, 
lu donnais, 
il donnait, 
nous donnions, 
vous donniez, 
ils donnaient, 



I did 
thoud 
he did 
we did 
you did 
they did 



OTQ 



2d Imperfect or Preterit. 
je donnai, I gave, 

tu donnas, thou gavest. 

il donna, he gave, 

nous donnames, we gave, 
vous donnates, you gave, 
ils donnerenl, they gave. 



Perfect. 
j'ai donne, 
tu as donne, 
il a donne, 
nous avons donne, 
vous avez donne, 
ils ont donne, 

First Pluperfect. 

j'avais donne, 
tu avals donne, 
il avait donne, 
nous avions donne, 
vous aviez donne, 
ils avaient donne, 

'■2d Pluperfect. 
j'eus donne, 
tu eut donne, 
il eut donne, 
nous eiimes donne, 
vous eutes donne, 
ils eurent donne, 



< 

n 
orq 

a> 

J3 



p 
orq 



S3* 
P 

CI' 



I 

I 

I 






« 



46 



FIRST CONJUGATION. 



1 



Future Simple. 
je donnerai, I shall '^. 
tu donneras, thou wilt % 
il donnera, he will 

nous donnerons, we shall 
vous donnerez, you will 
ils dunneront, they will 

Conditional Present. 
je donnerais, I should 

tu donnerais, thou would'st 
ildonnerait, he would 

nous donnerions, we should 
vous donneriez, you would 
ils donneraient, they would 



Future Compound. 
j'aurai donne, 
tu auras donne, 
il aura donne, 
nous aurons donne, 
vous aurez donne, 
ils auront donne. 

Conditional Past. 



on? 

CD 



^3. j'aurais donne, 
o tu aurais donne, 
il aurait donne, 



IMPERATIVE. 



donne, 
qu'il donne, 
donnons, 
donnez, 
qu'ils donnent, 



give (thou), 
let him give, 
let us give, 
give (you), 
let them give. 









nous aurions donne g 
vous auriez donne, * 
ils auraient donne. 



rr 

o 

c_ 

ar- 



J 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 
Present. 

que that 

je donne, I may give. 

tu donnes, thou may'st give. 

il donne, he may give, 

uousdonnions, we may give 
vousdonniez, you may give 
ils donnent, they may give. 

Imperfect, 

que that 

je donnasse, 
tu don n asses, 



Perfect. 

que 
j'aie donne, 
tu aies donne, 
il ait donne, 
nous ayons donne, 
vous ayez donne, 
ils aient, donne, 

Pluperfect. 

que 



il donnar 



he miffht 



3 

■ P 

09 
< 
CD 



nous donnassions, we might 
vous donnassiez, you might 



ils donnassent, they might 



I might ^.j'eusse donne, 
thou might'st ^ tu eusses donne, ^ 
il eut donne, < 

nouseussions donne g 
vous eussiez donne, 
ils eussent donne. 



org 



>5i 



FIRST CONJUGATION. 47 



MAKE EXERCISES, 52, 53, 54, 55. 

175. Conjugate the following verbs. 

chanter, to sing. parler, to speak, 

sauier, to spring. ecouter, to listen. 

176- "What have you to observe about verbs ending in 
ger ? 

Verbs ending in " ger" always preserve the e be- 
fore a and o. 



je mange, 
tu manges, 


I eat. 
thou eat'st 


11 mange, 


he eats. 


nous mangeons, 


we eat. 


vous mangez, 
ils mangent, 


you eat. 
they eat. 



177. What have you to observe about verbs ending in 
cer 1 

In verbs ending in cer, a cedilla must be placed 
below the c, before a and o. 

je force, I force, 

tu forces, thou forcest. 

11 force, he forces, 

nous for9ons, we force, 

vous forcez, you force, 

ils forcent, they force. 

MAKE EXERCISE 56. 



SECOND CONJUGATION. 
178. Conjugate the verb " Finir." 

FINIR, to finish. 

INFINITIVE. 

Presenty finir, to finish. 

Past^ avoir fini, to have finished. 



48 



SECOND CONJUGATION. 



PARTICIPLES. 

Present^ finissanl, en finissant, finishing. 
Past^ fini, finished. 

Com^ow7j.(/,ayantfini, having finished- 



INDICATIVE. 



Present. 



Perfect. 



Je finis, 
tu finis, 
il finit, 
nousfinissonSjWe finish, 
vous finissez, you finish, 
ils finissent, they finish 



I finish. J'ai fini, 

thou finishest.tu as fini, 
he finishes, il a fini, 



nous avons fini, 
vous avez fini, 
ils onl fini, 






First Imperfect. 



Je finissais, 



I did finish. 



tu finissais, thou didst finish. 
il finissait, he did finish, 
nous finissions, we did finish, 
vous finissiez, you did finish, 
ilsfinissaient, they did finish, 

'2d Imperfect or Preterit. 



Je finis, 
tu finis, 
il finit, 
nous finimes 
vous finites, 
ils finirent. 



I finished. 

thou finished'st. 

he finished. 

we finished. 

you finished 



First Pluperfect. 

J'avais fini, 
tu avals fini, 
il avait fini, 
nous avions fini, 
vous aviez fini, 
ils avaient fini, 

'2d Pluperfect. 

J'eus fini, 
tu eus fini, 
il eut fini, 
nous eumes fini, 
vous eutes fini. 



CD P- 



=3 ^ 



Ihey finished, ils eurent fini, 



Future Simple. 
Je finirai, I shall finish. 



Future Compound. 



J'aurai fini, 
tu auras fini, 
il aura fini, 



tu finiras, thou wilt finish. 

il finira, he will finish. 

nousfinirons, weshallfinish. nous aurons fini, 

vous finirez, you will finish, vous aurez fini, 

ils finiront, they will finish, ils auront fini. 





C/5 

p 


Vl' 




D- 




O 


ET 


O. P 


• 


< 




a 



'\ 



SECOND CONJUGATrON. 49 

Conditional Present. Conditional Past. 

Je finirais, I should ^ J'auraisfini, ^ 

tu finirais, thou would'st 2. lu aurais fini, c»»gf 

il finirait, he would §- ilauraitfini, 2. c, 

nous finirions, we should ' nous aurions fini, ^^ 

vous finiriez, you wouli vous auriez fini, p-p* 

ils finiraient, they would lis auraient fini, ^ 

IMPERATIVE. 

Finis, finish (thou), 

qu'il finisse, let him finish, 

finissons, let us finish, 

finissez, finish (you), 

qu'ils finissent, let them finish. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present. Perfect. 

que that que 

Je finisse, I may -ihJ'aie fini, 

tu finisses, thou mays't 5.tu aies fini, 
il finisse, he may finish S-il ait fini, 
nous finissions, we may nous ayons fini, 
vous finissiez, you may vous ayez fini, 
ils finissent they may ils aient fini. 

Imperfect. Pluperfect'. 

que that que 

Je finisse, I might j-^. Jeusse fini, 

tu finisses, thou might'st °. tu eusses fini, '< ^ 

il finit, he might ~- il exit fini, & t-n 

nous finissions, we might " nous eussions fini, 2. g 



tf 




p 


r* 


< 


t3* 


n 


P 


» 


f-* 


3 


HH 


H^* 


I-. 


C/1 


a 


CJ' 


p 




'<: 



p t^* 



vous finissiez, you might vous eussiez fini, B'aq' 



ils finissent, they might vous eussent fini, cu'?t 

MAKE EXERCISES 57, 58, 59, 60. 



Remark. — The pupil must pay particular attention in 
conjugating the present and imperfect subjunctive, these 
tenses being alike in all persons except the third person 
singular. 

5 



50 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 



179. Conjugate the following verbs : 

punir, to punish flechir, to soften 

choisir, to chose reussir, to succeed 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 

180. Are there many verbs belonging to the third con- 
jugation ? 

No, a few only. 

N. B. A cedilla must be placed under the c when- 
ever it is followed by o or u. 

181. Conjugate the verb recevoir. 

RECEVOIR, to receive. 

INFINITIVE. 

Present, recevoir. to receive. 
Past. avoir re9U, to have received. 



Present- 
Past. 
Compound. 



PARTICIPLES. 



recevant, en recevant 



refu, 
ayant re9U, 



, receiving, 
received, 
having received. 



INDICATIVE. 



Present. 
je re^ois, I receive, 

tu re^ois, thou receivest. 

il re9oit, he receives, 

nous recevons, we receive, 
vous recevez, you receive, 
ils re^oivent, they receive. 



Perfect. 
j'ai re^u, 
tu as refu, 
il a re9u, 
nous avons re9U, 
vous avez re9U, 
ils ont re9U, 



< 
a 
—i 
n 
n 
n 

ft) 



Ik 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 



51 



F^irst Imperfect' First Pluperfect. 

je recevais, I did receive. j'arais re^u, 
lu recevais, thou did'st receive. tu avais refu, 

ii recevait, he did receive- il avail re^u, 

nous recevions, we did receive. nous avions reru, 

vous receviez, you did receive, vous aviez recu, 

ils recevaient, they did receive, lis avaient re9U, 



"I 

O 

n 



'id Imperfect or Preterit. 
je re^us, I received, 

tu rei;.us, thou received'st. 

il re9ut, he received, 

nous rei;-iimes, we received, 
vous refutes, you received. 
ils re^urent, they received. 



'Hd Pluperfect. 
j'eus refu, 
tu eus refu 
11 eut refu, 
nous eumes re^u, 
vous eutes recu, 
ils eurent re^u, 



■-» 
n> 
rs 
n 

■«? 
ft) 



Future simple. 
je recevrai, I shall 
tu recevras, thou wilt 
il recevra, he will 

nous recevrons, we shall 
vous recevrez, you will 
ils recevront, they will 



Future compound. 
j'aurai re^u, 
tu auras re9U, 
il aura refu, 
nous aurons rcQU, 
vous aurez re^u, 
ils auront re9U, 



ft) £3- 



CO 



Conditional present. 

je recevrais, I should a 

tu recevrais, thou would'st^ 
il recevrait, he would < 
nous recevrions, we should '^ 
vous recevriez, you would 
ils recevraient, they would 



Conditional past. 
j'aurais re9U, 
tu aurais re9U, 
il aurait re9U, 
nousaurions re9U 
vous auriez re9U, 
ils auraient re9U, 



CD ar' 

P' pa 
• < 



IMPERATIVE. 



re90is, 

qu'il re9oive, 

recevons, 

recevez, 



receive (thou), 
let him receive, 
let us receive, 
receive (you). 



qu'ils re9oivent, let them receive. 



52 FOURTH CONJUGATION. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present. Perfect. ♦ 

que that que &- 

je resolve, I may n j'aie re9U, % ^ 

tu refoives, thou may'st a tu aies re9U, ^ ^ 

il re9oive, he may < il ait re9U, g Z, 

nous recevions, we may ^ nous ayons 1690, 2. g 

vous receviez, you may vous ayez re9U, « ^» 

ils re9oivent, they may ils aient re9U, P* 






Imperfect. Pluperfect. 

que that que 

je re9usse, I might ^ j'eusse re9U, ^ ^ 

tu re9usses, thou might'st ^ tu eusses re9U, « S- 

il re9ut, he might '^' il eut re9U, 5 ^ 

nous re9USsions, we might ? nouseussionsre9U g 3. 

vous re9ussiez, you might vous eussiez re9U, <'^ 

ils re9ussent, they might ils eussent re9U, •"' •^ 

MAKE EXERCISES 61, 62, 63. 

182. Conjugate the following verbs, 
ape rce voir, to perceive, 
concevoir, to conceive. 



FOURTH CONJUGATION. 

183. Conjugate the verb " rendre." 

RENDRE, to render. 

INFINITIVE. 

Present, rendre, to render, 

Past, avoir rendu, to have rendered. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Present, rendant, en rendant, rendering, 
Past. rendu, rendered, 

Compound, ayant rendu, having rendered. 



^' 



FOURTH CONJUGATION. 



53 



Present. 



INDICATIVE. 

Perfect. 



Je rends, 
tu rends, 
il rend, 
nous rendons, 
vous rendez, 
ils rendent, 



I render, 
thou renderest, 
he renders, 
we render, 
you render, 
they render, 



J' ai rendu '-' 

tu as rendu, ^^ 

il a rendu, ^ ^ 

nous avons rendu, 9' ;^ 
vous avez rendu, 
ils ont rendu. 



3 



Pirst Imperfect. 

Je rendais, I did 
tu rendais, thou didst 
il rendait, he did 

nous rendions, we did 
vousrendiez, you did 
ils rendaient, they did 



IT 

D 
CO 



First Pluperfect. 

J' avais rendu, 
tu avals rendu, 
il avail rendu, 
nous avions rendu, 
vous aviez rendu, 
ils avaient rendu. 



CD 'v, 

n 



2d Imperfect Preterit, 2d Pluperfect. 

Je rendis, I rendered, J' eus rendu, 

tu rendis, thou rendered'st,tu eus rendu, 

il rendit, he rendered, il eut rendu, 

nous rendimes, we rendered, nous eumes rendu, 

vous rendites, you rendered, vous euies rendu, 

ils rendirentj they rendered, ils eurent rendu. 



fD 

a 

Ct> 



Future Simple. 



Je rendrai, 
tu rendras, 
il rendra, 
nous rendrons, 
vous rendrez, 
ils rendront. 



I shall 
Ihou wilt 
he will 
we shall 
you will 
they will 



fD 

3 

(0 



Conditional Present. 
I should 



Future Compound. 

J' aurai rendu, 
Ux auras rendu, 
il aura rendu, 
nous aurons rendu, 
nous aurez rendu, 
ils auront rendu, 

Conditional Past. 



thou would'st ^ 



Je rendrai?, 

tu rendrais, 

il rendrait, he would 

nous rendri'ins,we should 

vous rendriez, you would 

ils rendraient, they would 



•-8 

fti 






I* 



J aurais 
tu aurais 
il aurait 
nous aurions 
vous auriez 
ils auraient 



n> 

a 
a, 



fn tr" 

t3 JO 

-I tr 

9-< 



n ST 



54 



FOURTH CONJUGATION. 



IMPERATIVE. 



if : 

in 






Rends, 
qu'il rende, 
rendons, 
rendez, 
qu'ils rendent, 



render (thou) 
let him render 
let us render 
render (you) 
let them render. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 



que 

J'e rende, 
tu rendes, 
il rende. 



Present. 
that 



Perfect. 
que 

J' aie rendu 



I may render, 

thou may'st render, tu aies rendu 

he may render, il ait rendu 

nous rendions, we may render, 

vous rendiez. you may render, 

ils rendent, they may render. 






nous ayons rendu § g 
vous ayez rendu S^ p 



Imperfect. 

que that 

Je rendisse, I might 

tu rendisses, thou mig 
il rendit, he might 

nous rendissionSjWe might 
vous rendissiez, you might 
ils rendissent, they might 



ht'st == 






ils aient rendu 

Pluperfect. 

que 

J'eusse 

tu eusses 

il eut 

nous eussions 

vous eussiez 

ils eussent 



>-< 

CD 




C 






p 3 




P-orq 




•1-=" 




p,^ 



MAKE EXERCISES 64, 65, 66, 67. 



h. 






184. Conjugate the following verbs. 

vendre, to sell. perdre, to loose, 

pendre, to hang. actendre, to wait. 

Important Remark. 

185, Can you for instance say in French, " I do give or 
I did give" '? 

No ; I must say, 
" I give, I gave, Je donne, Je donnais. 



PASSIVE VERBS. 55 

186. Can you say in French, " I am giving or I have 
been giving" ] 

No ; I must say, 

" I give, I have given," Je donne, J'ai donne. 

PASSIVE VERBS. 

187. How do you conjugate passive verbs 1 

By joinins: the participle past to the auxiliary verb 
6tre, and conjugating them. 

INFINITIVE. 

Present, etre aime, to be loved. 

Past, avoir ete aime, to have been loved- 

PARTICIPLES. 

Present, etant aime, being loved. 

Past, ete aime, been loved. 

Compound, ayant eie aime, having been loved. 

INDICATIVE. 

Present. Perfect. 

Jesuisaime, m J'ai ete aime, i-t 

tu es aime, g tu as ete aime, ^^ 

il est aime, ^ il a ete aime, "o <> 

nous sommes aimes, ^ nous avons eie aimes, « ^ 

vous etes aimes, g^ vous avez ete aimes, • g 

ils sont aimes, • ils ont ete aimes, p 

188. Conjugate all the four conjugations. 

MAKE EXERCISES 68, 69. 



PRONOMINAL VERBS. 

189. "With what auxiliary verb do you conjugate pro- 
nominal verbs in compound tenses'? 
With etre. 



56 



VERES. 






Presetit. 
Je mepromene, 
tu te promenes, 
il se promene, 
nous nous promenons, 
vous vous promenez, 
ils se promenent, 

190. Conjugate the whole verb 






Perfect. 
Je me suis, 
tu t' es, 
il s' est 

nous nous sommes 
vous vous etes 
ils se sont 



>-t 
O 

3 

C6> 



SO p 

p 

»— ' f* 
PTP 

• ?r 

P 



MAKE EXERCISES 70, 71. 



IMPERSONAL VERBS. 



P«i i 



3|- 



191. 

Inf. 

Part. 
Ind. 



Conjugate the impersonal verb y avoir, there to be. 



Sub. 



Pr. 

Past 
Pr. 
Past 
Pr. 
Perf. 
1st Imp. 
1st Plu. 
2d Imp. 
2d Plu. 
Fut. sim. 
Fut. comp 
Con. Pr. 
Con. Past. 
Pres. 
Perf. 
Imp. 
Plu. 



y avoir 
y avoir ea 
yayant 
y ayant eu 
il y a 
il y a eu 
il y avait, 
ily avait eu 
il y eut 
il y eut eu 
il y aura 
il y aura eu 
il y an rait 
il y aurait eu 
il y ait 
il y ait eu 
il y exit 



there to be 

there to have been 

there being 

there having been 

there is, are 

there has or have been 

there was, were 

there had been 

there was, were 

there had been 

there will be 

there will have been 

there would be 

there would have been 

there may be 

there may have been 

there might be 

there migfht have been 



il y eut eu 

Conjugate il neige, it snows, il semble, it appears 
arrive, it happens, il gele, it freezes. 

MAKE EXKRCrSES, 72, 73. 



-;ii.x 



CONJUGATION OF VERBS WITH NEGATIONS. 

192. What are the negations in French 1 



ne-pa^, no or not 
ne-jamais, never 
ue-personne, nobody. 



ne-pomt, no or not 
ne-rien, nothing 



VERBS WITH NEGATIONS. 57 

193. Where do you place negations in simple tenses 1 

Ne before the verb, and pas, point, jamais, rien, 
personne after it. 

Je ne re^ois pas, Je ne re^ois point, Je ne re9ois 
jamais, Je ne re(;;ois rien, Je ne re^ois personne. 

194. Where do you place the negations in compound 
tenses 1 

Ne before the auxiliary verb, and the second part 
of the negation between the verb and participle. 

Je n'ai pas, or point re9U, Je n'ai jamais re9U, Je 
n'ai rien reru. 

195. Conjugate the auxiliary verbs and the four conju- 
gations with all the negations. 

MAKE EXERCISES, 74, 75. 

VERBS CONJUGATED INTERROGATIVELY. 

196. How do you conjugate a verb interrogatively *? 

By putting after the verb the nominative of the 
pronoun, which is commonly before it, and con- 
necting them with a small line. 
tu donnes, thou givest. donnes-tu, givest thoul 

197. What must you do if the verb before je ends in e 
mule 1 

An acute accent must be placed over the e. 
parle-je, do I speak. 

198. What must you do if the verb before 11, ils, elle, 
elles ends with a vowel 1 

A t must be placed between the verb and the 
pronoun- 

parlera-t-il, will he speak 1 

199. Conjugate the verb donner with interrogations. 

Present. Perfect. 

donne-je, §- ai-je donne, g* 

donnes-tu, i-h as-tu donne, < 

donne-t-il, era a-t-il donne, hh 

donnons-nous, ^ avons-nous donne, 03^ 

donnez-vous, ' avez-vous donne, < 

donnent-ils, ont-ils donne, 3 

MAKE EXERCISES, 76, 77. 



58 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



VERBS WITH NEGATIONS INTERROGATIVELY 
CONJUGATED. 

200. Conjugate the verb donner with negations and 
interrogations. 
Present. 
Ne donne-je pas,' 
Ne donnes-tu pas, 
Ne donne-t-il pas, 
Ne donnons-nous pas, 
Ne donnez-vous pas, 
Ne donnent-ils pas. 



o 

O 

<i 



t3- 
P 

n 



Perfect. 
N'ai-je pas donne, 
JN'as-tu pas donne, 
N'a-t-il pas donne, g 

N'avons-nous pas donne, <-^ 
N'avez-vous pas donne, ;-• 
N'ont-ils pas donne. ^ 



201. Conjugate the auxiliary verbs and the four conju- 
gations with all the negations and interrogations. 

MAKE EXERCISES, 78, 79. 
IRREGULAR VERBS. 

202. How do you conjugate derived irregular verbs 1 

Exactly like the roots, from which they are de- 
rived. 

IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 

203. Which are the irregular verbs of the first conju- 
gation 1 

AUer, to go, and envoyer, to send. 



ALLER, to go. 

204. Conjugate the irregular verb aller. 

Inf. aller, to go. Part Pr. allant. Past. alle. 

Ind. Pres. je vais, vas, va allons, allez, vonl. 

Istlmperf. j'allais. 2d Imperf. j'allai. 

Fut. j'irai. Cond. j'irais- 

Imperat. va, qu'il aille, allons, allez, qu'ils aillent. 

Sub. Pres. j'aille allies, aille, allions, alliez, aillent. 

Sub. Imp. j'allasse. * 
1* 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 5^ 

205. Which verb is conjugated after aller 1 
s'en aller, to go away. 



ENVOYER, to send. 

206. Conjugate the verb envoyer. 

Inf. envoyer, to send. Past Pr. envoyant. 

Past, envoye. 

Ind- Pres. j'envoie, envoies, envoie, envoyons, en- 
voyez, envoient. 

1st. Imperf. j'envoyais. 2d. Iniperf. j'envoyai. 

Fut. j'enverrai. Cond. j'enverrais. 

Imperat. envoie, envoie, envoyons, envoyez, en- 
voient. 

Sub. .Pres. j'envoie, envoies, envoie, envoyions, 
envoyiez, envoient. 

Sub. Impf. j'envoyasse. 

207. Which verb is conjugated after " envoyer 1" 

Kenvoyer, to send away. 

MAKE EXERCISE 80. 



IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 

208. Which are the irregular verbs of the second con- 
jugation 1 

acquerir, to acquire. ouvrir, to open, 

courir, to run. partir, to depart, 

couvrir, to cover. se repentir, to repent, 

cueillir, to gather. assaillir, to assail, 

dormir, to sleep. sentir, to feel, 

faillir, to fail. servir, to serve, 

fuir, to fly. sortir, to go out. 

mentir, to lie. souffrir, to suffer, 

mourir, to die. tenir, to hold, 

offrir, to offer. venir, to come. 



60 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



ACQUERIR, to acquire. 

209. Conjugate the verb acquerir. 

Inf. acquerir, to acquire. Part. Pr. acque- 

rant. Past, acquis. 
Ind. Pres. j'acquiers, acquiers, acquiert, acque- 

rons, acquerez, acquierent. 
1st. Imperf. j'acquerais. 2d. Imp. j'acquis. 
Fut. j'acquerrai. Cond. j'acquerrais. 

Imperat. acquiers, acquiere, acquerons, acquerez, 

acquierent. 
Sub. Pr. j'acquiere, acquieres, acquiere, acque- 

rions, acqueriez, acquierent. 
Sub. Imp. j'acquisse. 

210. What verbs are conjugated after acquerir 1 

Requerir, to request and s'enqu6rir, to inquire. 

COURIR, to run. 



Part. Pr. courant. Past 



211. Conjugate the verb courir. 

Inf. courir, to run. 

couru. 
Ind. Pr. je cours, cours, court, courons, courez, 

courent. 
1st Imp. je courais. 2d Imp. Je courus. 
Fut. je courrai. Cond. je courrais. 

Imp. cours, coure, courons, courez, courent. 

Sub. Pr. je coure, coures, coure, courions, cou- 

riez, courent. 
Sub. Imp. je courusse. 

212. What verbs are conjugated after courir 1 

Secourir, to assist ; parcourir, to run through ; 
accourir, to come running, &c. 

MAKE EXERCISE 81. 



COljVRIR, to cover. 
213. Conjugate the verb " couvrir." 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 61 

Inf. couvrir, to cover. Part, Pr. couvrant. 

Past, couvert. 
Ind. Pr. je couvre, couvres, couvre, couvrons, 

couvrez, couvrent. 
1st Imp. je couvrais. 2d Imp. je couvris. 
Fut. je couvrirai. Cond. je couvrirais. 

Imp. couvre, couvre, couv^rons, couvrez, 

couvrent. 
Sub. Pr. je couvre, couvres, couvre, couvrions, 

couvriez, couvrent. 
Sub. Imp. Je couvrisse. 

214. What verbs are conjugated after couvrir 1 

Decouvrir, to discover; recouvrir, to recover; and 
the verbs ouvrir, to open ; souffrir, to suffer ; offrir, 
to open. 

CUEILLIR, to gather. 

215- Conjugate the verb cueillir, to gather. 

Inf. Cueillir, to gather. Part. Pr, cueillant. 

Past, cueilli. 
Ind. Pr. je cueille, cueilles, cueille, cueillons, 

cueillez, cueillent. 
1st Imp. je cueillais. 2d Imp. je cueillis. 
Future. je cueillerai. Cond. je cueillerais. 
Imp. cueille, cueille, cueillons, cueillez, cue- 

illent. 
Sub. Pr. je cueille, cueilles, cueille, cueillions, 

cueilliez, cueillent. 
Sub. Imp. je cueillisse. 

216. What verbs are conjugated after " cueillir V 

Accueillir, to receive, and recueillir, to collect. 

DORMIR, to sleep. 

217- Conjugate the verb " dormir." 

Inf. dormir, to sleep. Part. Pr. dormant. Past 

dormi. 
Ind. Pr. Je dors, dors, dort, dormons, dormez, dor- 
ment. 

Q 



62 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



1st. imp. Je dormais. 2d Imp. Je dormis. 
Future Je dormirai. Cond. Je dormirais. 
Imp. Dors, dorme, dormons, dormez, dorment. 

Sub. Pr. Je dorme, dormes, dorme, dormions, dor- 

miez, dorment. 
Sub. Imp. Je dormisse. 

218. What verbs are conjugated after *' dormir V 

Endormir, to make sleep ; rendormir, to fall 
asleep again. 

FAILLIR, to fail. 

219. Conjugate the verb " faillir." 
Inf. faillir, to fail. Part. Past failli. 

This verb is only used in compound tenses. 

MAKE EXERCISE 82. 



FUIR, to fly, to run away. 



220. Conjugate the verb " fuir." 

Inf. fuir, to fly. Part. Pr. fuyant. Past, fui. 

Ind. Pr. Je fuis, fuis, fuit, fuyons, fuyez, fuient. 

1st Imp. Je fuyais. 2d Imp. Je fuis. 

Fut. Je foirai. Cond. Je fuirais. 

Imp. fuis, fuie, fuyons, fuyez, fuient. 

Sub. Pr. Je fuie, fuies, fuie, fuyions, fuyiez, fuient. 

Sub. Imp. Je fuisse. 

221. Which verb is conjugated after *' fuir V 

S'enfuir, to run away. 



MENTIR, to lie. 
222. Conjugate the verb '* mentir." 



1 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 63 

Inf. mentir, to lie. Part. Pr. mentant. Past, 

menti. 
Ind. Pr. Je mens, mens, ment, mentons, mentez, 

menlent. 
1st Imp. Je meniais. 2d Imp, Je mentis. 
Fut. Je mentirai. Cond. Je meniirais. 

Imp. Mens, mente, mentons, mentez, mentent. 

Sub. Pr. Je mente, mentes, mente, mentions, men- 

tiez, mentent. 
Sub. Imp. Je mentisse. 

223. Which verb is conjugated after " mentir." 
Dementir, to give the lie, to revoke. 



MOURIR, to die. 

224. Conjugate the verb " mourir." 

Inf. mourir, to die. Part. Pr. mourant. Past, 

mort. 
Ind. Pr. Je meurs, meurs, meurt, mourons, mou- 

rez, raeurent. 
1st Imp. Je mourais. 2d Imp. Je mourus. 
Fut. Je mourrai. Cond. Je mourrais. 

Imp. Menrs, meure, mourons, mourez, meurent. 

Sub. Pr. Je meure, meures, meure, mourions, mou- 

riez, meurent. 
Sub. Imp. Je mourusse. 

MAKE EXERCISE S3. 



OFFRIR, to offer. 

225. Conjugate the verb " offrir." 

Offrir, to offer, is conjugated after '' couvrir." 

OUVRIR, to open. 

226. Conjugate the verb " ouvrir." 

Ouvrir, to open, is conjugated after "couvrir."^ 



64 IRREGULAR VERBS. 

PARTIR, to depart. 

227. Conjugate the verb "partir." 

Partir, to depart, is conjugated after " mentir." 

SE REPENTIR, to repent. 

238. Conjugate the verb *' se repentir." 

Se repentir, to repent, is conjugated after 
" mentir." 

SENTIR, to feel. 

229. Conjugate the verb *• sentir." 

Sentir and ressentir, to feel or to resent, go like 
mentir. 

SORTIR, to go out. 

230. Conjugate the verb " sortir. 

Sortir, assortir, to assort, and ressortir, to go out 
again, are conjugated after " mentir." 

SERVIR, to serve. 

231. Conjugate the verb '< servir," 

Servir, to serve, and desservir, to clear the table, 
are conjugated after " mentir." 

SOUFFRIR, to suffer. 

232. Conjugate the verb souffrir." 

Souffrir, to suffer is conjugated after " couvrir." 

MAKE EXERCISES 84, 85. 



I 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 65 

TENIR, to hold. 

233. Conjugate the verb " tenir." 

Inf. Tenir, to hold. Part. Pr. tenant. Past, tenn. 

Ind. Pr. Je liens, liens, tient, tenons, tenez, tiennent. 
1st Imp. Je tennis. 2d Imp. Je tins, tins, tint, 

tinmes, tintes, tinrent. 
Fut. Je tiendrai. Cond. Je liendrais. 

Imp. Tiens, lienne, tenons, tenez, tiennent. 

Sub. Pr. Je tienne, tiennes, tienne, tenions, teniez, 

tiennent. 
Sub. Imp. Je tinsse, tinsses, tint, tinssions, tinssiez, 

tinssent. 

234. What verbs are conjugated after "tenirl" 

Contenir, to contain; detenir, to detain ; soutenir, 
to sustain, &c. 

VENIR, to come. 

235. Conjugate the verb "venir.'* 

Venir, to come, is conjugated after *' tenir." 

236. What verbs are conjugated after venir 1 

f'onvenir, to agree ; devenir, to become ; intre- 
venir, to intervene ; parvenir, to attain ; prevenir, 
to inform or prevent ; revenir, to come back ; se 
souvenir, to remember, &c. 

ASSAILLIR, to assail. 

237. Conjugate the verb assaillir. 

Infinitive, assaillir, to assail. Part. Pr. assaillant. 
Past, assailli. 

Ind. Pres. j'assaille, assailles, assaille, assaillons, as- 
saillez, assaillent. 

1st Im])erf. j'assaillais. 2d Imperf j'assaillis. 

Future. j'as^aillirai. Cond. j'assaillirais. 

Imperative, asbail.e, asi-aille, assaillons, assaillez, as- 
saillent. 
6* 



66 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



Sub. Pres. j'assaille, assailles, assaille, assaillions, 

assailliez, assaillent. 
Sub. Imp. j'assaillisse. 

238. Which verb is conjugated after assaillir. 
Tressaillir, to tremble. 

MAKE EXERCISE 86. 



IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 

239. Which are the irregular verbs of the third conju- 
galion 1 



s'asseoir, 


to sit down. 


pouvoir, 


to be able. 


devoir, 


to owe, ought. 


savoir, 


to know. 


falloir, 


to be necessary 


valoir, 


to be worth. 


mouvoir, 


to move. 


voir, 


to see. 


pleuvoir, 


to rain. 


vouloir, 


to be willing. 



S'ASSEOIR, to sit down. 

240. Conjugate the verb s'asseoir. 

Infinitive, s'asseoir, to sit down. Part. Pr. s'assey- 

ant. Past, assis. 
Ind. Pres. je ra'assieds, t'assieds, s'assied, asseyons, 

asseyez, asseyent. 
1st Imperf. je m'asseyais. 2d Imperf. je m'assis. 
Future. je m'asscyerai. Cond. je m'asseyerais. 
Imperative, assieds-toi, s'asseye, asi>eyons-nous, asse- 

yez-vous, s'asseyent, 
Sub. Pres. je m'asseye, asseyes, asseye, asvseyions, 

asseyiez, asseyent. 
Sub. Imp. je m'assise. 

DEVOIR, to owe, ought, must. 

241. Conjugate the verb devoir. 

Infinitive, devoir, to owe, ought, must. Part. Pres. 

devant. Past. du. 
Ind. Pres. je dois, dois, doit, devons, devez, doivent 
1st Imperf. je devais. 2d Imperf. je dus. 
Future. je devrai. Cond. je devrais. 



1 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 67 

Imperative, dois, cloive, devons, devez, doivent. 
Sub. Pres. je doive, doives, doive, devion.s, deviez, 

doivent. 
Sub. Imp. je dusse. 

FALLOIR, to be necessary. 

242. Conjugate the verb falloir. 

Falloir is an impersonal verb. 
Infinitive, falloir, to be necessary. Part. Pr. fallant. 

Past, fallu. 
Ind. Pres. il faut. 1st Imp. ilfallait. 2dlmp.il 

fallut. 
Future. il faudra. Cond. il faudrail. 
Sub. Pres. qu'il faille. Sub. Imp. qu'il fallut. 

MOUVOIR, to move. 

243. Conjugate the verb mouvoir. 

Infinitive, mouvoir, to move- Part. Pr, mouvant. 

Past. mu. 
Ind. Pres. je meus, meus, meut, mouvons, mouvez, 

meuvent. 
1st Imperf. je mouvais. 2d Imperf. je mus. 
Future. je mouvrai. Cond. je mouvrais. 

Impera. meus, meuve, mouvons, mouvez, meuvent 
Sub. Pres. je meuve, meuves, meuve, mouvions, 

mouviez, meuvent. 
Sub. Imp. je musse. 

244. Which verb is conjugated after mouvoir"? 

emouvoir, to move. 

MAKE EXERCISE 87. 

PLEUVOIR, to rain, 

245. Conjugate the verb pleuvoir. 

Pleuvoir is an impersonal verb. 
Infinitive, pleuvoir, to rain. Part. Pr. pleuvant. 
Past. plu. 



68 IRREGULAR VERBS. 

Ind. Pres. il pleut. 1st Imperf. il pleuvait. 2d 

Iraperf. il plut. 
Future. il pleuvra. Cond. il pleuvrait. 
Sub. Pres. il pleuve. Sub. Imperf. il plut. 

POUVOIR, to be able. 

246. Conjugate the verb pouvoir. 

Infinitive, pouvoir, to be able. Part. Pr. pouvant- 

Past. pu. 
Ind. Pres. je puis or peux, peux, peut, pouvons, pou- 

vez, peuvent. 
1st Imperf. je pouvais. 2d Imperf. je pus. 
Future. je pourrai. Cond. jepourrais. 
Sub. Pres. je puisse, puisses, puisse, pouvions, pou- 

viez, puissent. 
Sub. Imp. je pusse. 

MAKE EXERCISE 88. 

SAVOIR, to know, to have a knowledge of. 

247. Conjugate the verb savoir. 

Infinitive, savoir, to know. Part. Pres. sachant. 

Past. su. 
Ind. Pres. je sais, sais, sait, savons, savez, savent. 
1st Imperf. je savais. 2d Imperf. je sus. 
Future. je saurai. Cond. je saurais. 
Imp. sache, sache, sachons, sachez, sachent. 

Sub. Pr. je sache, saches, sache, sachions, sachiez, 

sachent. 
Sub. Imp. je susse. 

VALOIR, to be worth. 

248. Conjugate the verb valoir. 

Inf. valoir, to be worth. Part. Pr. valant. 

Past. valu. 
Ind. Pr. je vaux, vaux, vaut, valons, valez, 

valent, 
1st. Imp. je valais. 2d Imp. je valus. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 69 

Future. je vaudrai. Cond. je vaudrais. 
Imperative, vaux, vaille, valons, vakz, vaillent. 
Sub. Pr. je vaille, vailles, vaille, valions, valiez, 

vaillent. 
Sub. Imp. je valusse. 

249. Which verb is conjugated after valoir 1 

equivaloir, to be equivalent. 

250. How do you conjugate " prevaloirl" 

Prevaloir, to prevail, is conjugated after valoir, 
except in the Subj. Pres. which is, je prevale, pre- 
vales, prevale, prevalions, prevaliez, prevalent. 

MAKE EXERCISE 89. 

VOIR, to see. 

251. Conjugate the verb voir. 

Infinitive, voir, to see. Part. Pr. voyant. Past. 

vu. 
Ind. Pr. je vois, vois, voit, voyons, voyez, voient. 
1st. Imp. je voyais. 2d. Imp. je vis. 
Future- je verrai. Cond. je verrais. 
Imperative, vois, voie, voyons, voyez, voient. 
Sub. Pr. je voie, voies, voie, voyions, voyiez, 

voient. 
Sub. Imp. je visse. 

252. Which verbs are conjugated after voir 1 

Pre voir, to foresee, re voir, to see again, pourvoir, 
to provide. 

253. How is the future of pre voir and pourvoir 1 

je prevoirai and je pourvoirai. * 

VOULOIR, lobe willing. 

254. Conjugate the verb vouloir. 

Infinitive, vouloir, to be willing. Part. Pr. vou- 

lant. Past, voulu. 
Ind. Pr. je veux, veux, veut, voulons, voulez, 

veulent. 
1st Imp. je voiilais. 2d Imp. je voulus. 



I 



70 IRREGULAR VERBS. 

Future. je voudrai. Cond. je voudrais. 
Imperative, veux, veuiile, veuillons, veuillez, veu- 

illent. 
Sub. Pr. je veuiile, veuilles, veuiile, voulions, 

vouliez, veuillent. 

MAKE EXERCISE 90. 



IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. 

255. Which are the irregular verbs of the fourth con- 
jugation 1 

battre, to strike. mettre, to put. 

boire, to drink. naitre, to be bom. 

conclure, to conclude. paraitre, to appear, 

conduire, to conduct. peindre, to paint, 

connaitre, to know. plaindre, to pity, 

coudre, to sew. plaire, to please, 

craindre, to fear. prendre, to take, 

croire, to believe. rire, to laugh, 

dire, to say. resoudre, to resolve, 

ecrire, to write. suffire, to suffice, 

faire, to make. suivre, to follow, 

feindre, to sham. se taire, to be silent, 

joindre, to join. vaincre, to vanquish, 

lire, to read. vivre, to live. 

BATTRE, to strike or beat. 

256. Conjugate the verb battre. 

Infinitive, battre, to beat or strike. Part. Pr. bat- 

tant. Past, battu. 
Ind. Pr. je bats, bats, bat, bations, battez,battent. 
1st Imp. je battais. 2d Imp. je battis. 
Future. je battrai. Cond, je battrais. 
Imperative, bats, batte, battons, battez, battent. 
Sub. Pr. je batte, battes, batte, battions, battiez, 

battent. 
Sub. Imp. je baltis^e. 



r 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 71 

257. Which verbs are conjugated after batlre 1 

abattre, to pull down ; combattre, to fight ; d^bat- 
tre, to debate. 



I 



BOIRE, to drink. 

258. Conjugate the verb boire. 

Infinitive, boire to drink. Part. Pr. buvant. 

Past. bu. 
Ind. Pr. je bois, hois, boit, buvons, buvez,boivent. 
1st Imp. je buvais. 2d Imp. je bus. 
Future. je boirai- Cund. je boirais- 

Imperative, bois, boive, buvons, buvcz, boivent. 
Sub. Pr. je boive, boives, boive, buvions, buviez, 

boivent. 



I 



I CONCLURE, to conclude. 

259- Conjugate the verb conclure. 

Inf. conclure, to conclude. Part. Pr. con- 

cluant. Past, conclu. 

Ind. Pr. je conclus, conclus, conclut, concluons, 
concluez, concluent. 

1st Imp. je concluais. 2d Imp. je conclus. 

Future. je conclnrai. Cond. je conclurais. 

Imperative, conclus, conclue, concluons, concluez, 
concluent. 

Sub. Pr. je conclue, conclues, conclue, conclu- 
ions, concluiez, concluent. 

Sub. Imp. je conclusse. 

260. Which verb do you conjugate after '' conclure V 

Exclure, to exclude. 

CONDUIRE, to conduct. 

261. Conjugate the verb " conduire." 

Inf. conduire, to conduct. Part. Pr. condui- 

sant. Past, conduit. 

kind. Pr, Je conduis, conduis, conduit, conduisons, 
conduisez, conduisent. 



72 IRREGULAR VERBS. 



1 



1st Imp. Je conduisais. 2d Imp. Je conduisis. 

Fut. Je conduirai. Cond. Je conduirais. 

Imp. conduis, conduise, conduisons, conduisez, 

conduisent. 
Sub. Pr. Je conduise, conduises, conduise, condui- 

sions, conduisiez, conduisent. 
Sub. Imp. Je conduisisse. 

263. Which verbs are conjugated after " conduire T* 

reduire, to reduce ; deduire, to deduct ; instruire, 
to instruct, &c. 

MAKE EXERCISE 91. 

CONNAITRE, to know. 

263. Conjugate the verb " connaitre." 

Inf. connaitre, to know. Part. Pr. connais- 

sant. Past, connu. 

Ind. Pr. Je connais, connais, connait, connaissons, 
connaissez, connaissent. 

1st Imp. Je connaissais. 2d Imp. Je connus. 

Fut. Je connailrai. Cond. Je connaitrais. 

Imp. connais, connaisse, connaissons, connais- 

sez, connaissent. 

Sub. Pr. Je connaisse, connaisses, connaisse, con- 
naissions, connaissiez, connaissent. 

Sub. Imp. Je connusse. 

264. Which verbs are conjugated after " connaitre 1" 

Reconnaitre, to know again ; raeconnaitre, to 
mistake; paraitre, to appear; apparaitre, to appear; 
disparaitre, to disappear. 

COUDRE,tosew. 

265. Conjugate the verb '' coudre." 

Inf. Coudre, to sew. Part. Pr.cousant. Past, 

cousu. 
Ind. Pr. Je couds, couds, coud, cousons, cousez, 

cousent. 
1st Imp. Je cousais. 2d Imp. Je cousis. 



( 



I 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 73 

Future, Je coudrai. Cond. Je coudrais. 

Imp. Couds, couse, cousons, cousez, cousent. 

Sub. Pr. Je couse, cou.ses, couse, cousions, cousiez, 

cousent. 
Sub. Imp. Je cousisse. 

CRAINDRE, to fear. 

266. Conjugate the verb craindre. 

Inf. craindre, to fear. Part. Pr. craignant. 

Past, craint. 

Ind. Pr. Je crains, crains, craint, craignons, craig- 
nez, craignent. 

1st Imp. Je craignais. 2d Imp. Je craignis. 

Fut. Je craindrai. Cond. je craindrais. 

Imp. crains, craigne, craignons, craignez, craig- 

nent. 

Sub. Pr. Je craigne, craignes, craigne, craignions, 
craigniez, craignent. 

Sub. Imp. Je craignisse. 

267. Which verbs are conjugated after craindre 1 

Feindre, to sham ; joindre, to join; paindre, to 
paint; se plaindre, to complain ; plaindre, to pity; 
teindre, to dye ; eteindre, to extinguish. 

CROIRE, to believe. 



263. Conjugate the verb croire. 

Inf. croire, to believe. Part. Pr. croyant. 

Past, cru. 
Ind. Pr. jecrois,crois, croit,croyons, croyez,croient. 
1st. Imp. je croyais. 2d Imp. je crus. 
Future, je croirai. Cond. je croirais. 
Imp. crois, croie, croyons, croyez, croient. 

Sub. Pr. je croie, croies, croie, croyions, croyiez, 

croient. 
Sub. Imp. je crusse. 

7 



74 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



269. Which verb is conjugated after croire *? 
Accroire, to make believe. 

MAKE EXERCISE 92. 



DIRE, to say. 



270, Conjugate the verb dire. 

Inf. dire, to say. Part. Pr. disant. Past, dit. 

Ind. je dis, dis, dit, disons, dites, disent. 

1st Imp. je disais. 2d Imp. je dis, dis, dit, dimes, 

diies, dirent. 
Fut, je dirai. Cond. Je dirais. 

Imp. dis, dise, disons, dites, disent. 

Sub. Pr. je dise, dises, dise, disions disiez, disent. 
Sub. Imp. je disse- 

271. Which verbs are conjugated after dire. 

Predire, to foretell; iniredire, to forbid; medire, to 
slander, &c. are conjugated after dire ; except in the 
2d person plural, Ind. Pres. which is predisez, me- 
disez, &c. 



ECRIRE, to write. 

272. Conjugate the v^erb ecrire. 

Inf. ecrire, to write. Part. Pr. ecrivant. Past, 

ecrit. 
Ind. Pres. J'ecris, ecris, ecrit, ecrivons, ecrivez, ecri- 

vent. 
1st Imp. J'ecrivais. 2d Imp. J'ecrivis. 

Future. J'ecrirai. Cond. J'ecrirais- 

Impera. ecris, ecrive, ecrivons, ecrivez, ecrivent. 
Sub. Pres. J'ecrive, ecrives, ecrive, ecrivions, ecri- 

viez, ecrivent. 
Sub. Imp, J'ecrivisse. 

273. Which verbs are conjugated after ecrire 1 

Decrire, to describe ; prescrire, to prescribe ; sou- 
se rire, to subscribe, &c. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 75 

FAIRE, to do, to make. 

274. Cunjuo:ate the verb faire. 

Infinitive, faire, to make. Part, Pr. faisant. 

Past. fait. 
Infl- Pres. Je fais, fais, fait, faisons, faites, font. 
Isi Imperf. Je faisais. 2nd. Impf. Je fis. 
Future. Je ferai. Cond. Je ferais. 

Imp. fais, fasse, faisons, faites, fassent. 

Sub. Pres. je fasse, fasses, fasse, fassious, fassiez, 

fassent. 
Sub. Imp. je fisse. 

275. Which verbs are conjugated after faire "? 

Satisfaire, to satisfy ; defaire, to undo ; contre- 
faire, to counterfeit ; refaire, to do again ; surfaire, 
to overdo. 

LIRE, to read. 

276. Conjugate the verb lire. 

Infinitive, lire, to read. Part. Pr. lisant. Past. lu. 

Ind. Pres. je lis, lis, lit, lisons, lisez, lisent. 

1st Imperf. je lisais. 2d Imperf. je lus- 

Future. je lirai. Cond. je lirais. 

Imp. lis, Use, lisons, lisez, lisent. 

Sub. Pres. je Use, Uses, Use, lisions, lisiez, lisent. 

Sub. Imp. je lusse. 

277. Which verbs are conjugated after lire. 

elire, to elect. relire, to read over again. 

MAKE EXERCISE 93. 



METTRE, to put. 

278. Conjugate the verb mettre. 

Infinitive, mettre. to put. Part. Pres. mettant. 

Past. mis. 
Ind. Pres. je mets, mets, met, mettons, mettez, mettent 
1st Imperf. je mettais. 2d Imperf. je mis. 



76 IRREGULAR VERBS. 

Future. je mettrai. Cond. je mettrais. 
Imp. mets, mette, meltons, mettez, mettent. 

Sub, Pres. je mette, mettes, mette, mettions, mettiez, 

mettent. 
Sub. Imp. je misse. 

279. Which verbs are conjugated after mettre 1 

Admettre, to admit ; coramettre, to commit ; omet- 
Ire, to omit ; permettre, to permit; soumeitre, to 
subject, &c. 



NAITRE, to be born. 

280. Conjugate the verb naitre. 

Infinitive, naitre, to be born. Part, Pr, naissant. 

Past. ne. 
Ind Pres. jenais, nais, nait, naissons, naissez,naissent 
1st Imperf. je naissais. 2d Imperf. je naquis. 
Future. je naitrai. Cond. je naiirais. 
Imp. nais, naisse, naissons, naissez, uaissent. 

Sub. Pr. je naisse. Imp. je naquisse. 

PARAITRE, to appear. 

281. Conjugate the verb paraitre. 

Paraitre and apparaitre, to appear ; and dispa- 
raitre, to disappear ; are conjugated after connaitre. 

PEINDRE, to paint. 

k 282. Conjugate the verb peindre. 

" Peindre, to paint, is conjugated after craindre. 

I PLAINDRE, to pity. 

283. Conjugate the verb plaindre. 

Plaindre, to pity; and se plaindre, to complain ; 
are conjugated after craindre. 

MAKE EXERCISE 94. 



'■U> 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 77 

r 

PRENDRE, to take. 

284. Conjugate the verb prendre. 

, Infinitive, prendre, to take. Part. Pr. prenant. 

' Fast. pris. 

Ind. Pres. je prend.--, prends, prend, prenons, prenez, 
prenueni. 

1st Imperf. je prenais. 2d Imperf. je pris. 

Future. je prendrai. Cond. je prendrais. 

Imp. prends, prenne, preaons, prenez, prennent. 

Sub. Pres. je prenne, prennes, prenne, prenions, pren- 
iez, prenneni. 

Sub. Imp. je prisse. 

285. Which verbs are conjugated after prendre 1 

Apprendre, to learn ; comprendre, to understand ; 
entrepreudre, to undertake ; surprendre, to surpriise. 

RIRE, to laugh. 

286. Conjugate the verb rire. 

Infinitive, rire, to laugh. Part. Pr. riant. Past, ri* 

Ind. Pres. je ris, ris, rit, rions, riez, rient. 

1st Imperf. je riais- 2d Imperf. je ris. 

Future. je rirai. Cond. je rirais. 

Imp. ris, rie, rions, riez, rient. 

Sub. Pres. je rie, ries, rie, riions, riiez, rient. 

Sub. Imp. je>i.sse. 

287. Which verb is conjugated after rire 1 

Sourire, to smile. 

RESOUDRE, to resolve. 

288. Conjugate the verb resoudre. 

Infinitive, resoudre, to resolve. Part. Pr. resolvant. 

Past, resolu. 
Ind. Pres. je resous, resous, resout, resolvons, resol- 

vez, resolvent. 
1st Imperf. je resolvais. 2d Imperf je resolus. 
Future. je r^soudrai. Cond. je resoudrais. 
7* 



78 IRREGULAR VERBS. 

Imp- resous, r6solve, resolvons, resolvez, resol- 

vent. 

Sub. Pres, je resolve, resolves, resolve, resolvions, re- 
solviez, resolvent 

Sub. Imp. je resolusse. 

289. Which verb is conjugated after resoudre "? 

Absoudre, to absolve. 

MAKE EXERCISE 95. 

SUFFIRE, to suffice. 

290. Conjugate the verb suffire. 

Infinitive, suffire, to suffice. Part. Pr. suffisant. 

Past, suffi. 
Ind. Pres. je suffis, suffis, suffit, suffisons, suffisez, suf- 

fisent. 
1st Imp. je suffisais. 2d Imp. je suffis. 
Future, je suffirai, Cond. je suffirais. 
Imper. suffis, suffise, suffisons, suffisez, suffisent. 
Sub. Pr. je suffise, sutfises, suffise, suffisions, suffisiez, 

suffisent. 
Sub- Imp. je suffisisse. 

SUIVRE, to follow. 

591. Conjugate the verb suivre. 

Inf. suivre, to follow. Part. Pr. suivant. 

Past, suivi. 
Ind. Pr. je suis, suis, suit, suivons, suivez, sui- 

vent. 
1st. Imp. je suivais. 2d Imp. je suivis. 
Future. je suivrai. Cond. je suivrais. 
Imper. suis, suive, suivons, suivez, suivent. 
Sub. Pr. je suive, suives, suive, suivions, suiviez, 

suivent. 
Sub. Imp. je suivisse. 

292. Which verb is conjugated after suivre *? 
Poursiuivre, to persecuie. 

MAKE EXERCISE 96. 



1 



I 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 79 

SE TAIRE, to be silent. 

293. Conjugate the verb se taire. 

Se taire is conjugated afier plaire. 

VAINCRE, to vanquish. 

294. Conjugate the verb vaincre. 

Vaincre is generally used in compound tenses. 
Inf. Vaincre, to vanquish. ' Part, Pr. vain- 

quant. Past, vaincu. 
Ind. Pr. je vaincs, vaincs, vainc, vainquons, 

vainquez, vainquent. 
1st. Imp, je vainquais. 2d Imp. je vainquis. 
Future. je vaincrai. Cond. je vaincrais. 
Imperative, vaincs, vainque, vainquons, vainquez, 

vainquent. 
Sub. Pr. je vainque, vainques, vainque, vainqui- 

ons — iez— ent. 
Sub. Imp. je vainquisse. 

295. Which verb is conjugated after vaincre 1 

Convaincre, to convince. 

VIVRE, to live, 

296. Conjugate the verb vlvre. 

Inf. vivre, to live. Part. Pr. vivant. Past. 

vecu. 
Ind. Pr. je vis, vis, vjt, vivons, vivez^ vivent. 
Isi Imp. je vivais. 2d. Imp. je vecus. 
Future. je vivrai. Cond. je vjvrais. 
Imperative, vis, vive, vivons, vjvez, vivent. 
Sub. Pr. je vive, vives, vive, vivions, viviez, 

Vivent. 
Sub. Imp. je vecusse. 

297. Which verbs are conjugated after vivre ? 

Survivre, to survive, and revivre, to revive. 

MAKE EXERCISE 97. 



so OF ADVERBS. 



CHAPTER VI. 



OF ADVERBS. 

298. What is an adverb 1 

An adverb is a word, added to a verb, participle, 
adjective, or another adverb ; and generally ex- 
presses lime, place, degree, or manner. 

299. How are adverbs divided ? 

Into adverbs, derived from adjectives and original 
adverbs, 

300. How do you derive adverbs from adjectives ending 
in a vowel 1 

By simply adding " raent" to the adjective, as : 
modeste, modest ; modestement, modestly. 

A few adjectives ending in e mute require an ac- 
cent over the e, before being changed into adverbs, 
as : 

conforme, conformement, conformably. 

301. How do you derive adverbs from adjectives ending 
with a consonant 1 

By making the adjective feminine and adding 
" ment." 

grand, grande, grandement. 

302. Can adverbs be declined 1 

No. 

303. Can adverbs be compared 1 

Some adverbs can be compared like adjectives, as 
souvent, often; plus souvent, le plussouvent. 

304. Are there any adverbs, which have an irregular 
comparison 1 

Yes ; the following three adverbs have an irregu- 
lar comparison. 

bien, well. mieux, belter- le mieux, best, 
mal, bad. pis, worse. le pis, worst, 

peu, little. moins, less. le moins, least. 



OF ADVERBS. 



81 



SYNTAX OF THE ADVERBS. 

305. Where do you place adverbs in simple tenses'? 
Always al'ier the verb, as: 

He often speaks, il parle sou vent. 

30G. Where do you place adverbs, in compound tenises? 
Between the auxiliary verb and the participle, as 
He has ofien spoken, il a souvent parle. 
But compound adverbs are placed after the par- 
ticiple, as 

He has spoken with the greatest possible modesty. 
II a parle le plus modestement possible. 



ORIGINAL ADVERBS. 



307. Tell me the principal original adverbs. 

apres, after maintenant, 

^..-^ Ar,^..;^ after to mor-mieux, 
apres-demain, ^^^^ ^^,^^' 



a, present, 
a peu pres, 
assez de, 
aussi, 
autant de, 
autrefois, 

avant-hier, 

beaucoup de, 

bien, 

certes, 

d'abord, 

ensuite, 

hier, 

ici, 

jamais, 

la, 



de, 

at present peu de, 
nearly peut-etre, 

enough pis, 
as plus de, 

as many plutot, 
formerly point de, 
the day beforepres, 
yesterday partout, 
much 
well 

certainly 
at first 
afterwards 
yesterday 
here 
never 
there 
badly 



quelquefois, 

rien, 

si, 

souvent, 

oil, 

lot, 

tard, 

trop de, 

volonliers, 

y, 



now 

better 

less 

little, few 

perhaps 

worse 

more 

rather 

no 

near 

everywhere 

sometimes 

noihmg 

so 

often 

where 

soon 

late 

too much 

willingly 

there 



mal, 

308. What adverbs require the partitive article de before 
the noun with which they are connected 1 



82 OF PREPOSITIONS. 

assez, autant, beaucoup, moins, peu, plus, point, 
trop : as — 
assez d'argent, enough money, 
beaucoup de livres, many books. 

MAKE EXERCISE 98. 



CHAPTER VII. 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 

309. What is a preposition ? 

A preposition is a word used :o express some re- 
lation of diflferent things to each other. 

310. Where are prepositions placed ? 

Generally before a noun or a pronoun : as — 
apres mon frere, after my brother, 
apres vous, after you. 

311. Tell me the principal prepositions. 



apres, 


after 


hormis, 


except 


avant, 


before 


malgre, 


in spite of 


avec, 


with 


moyennant 


, by means o 


chez, 


at 


nonobstant 


notwithstar 


contre, 


against 


outre, 


besides 


dans. 


in 


par, 


by 


depuis, 


since 


pour. 


for 


des, 


since 


pendant. 


during 


derriere, 


behind 


parmi, 


among 


devant, 


before 


sans. 


without 


durant, 


during 


selon, 


according 


en, 


in 


sous, 


under 


entre. 


between 


suivant, 


according 


envers, 


towards 


sur. 


upon, on 


excepte, 


excepted 


touchant, 


concerning 


hors, 


save 


vers, 


towards 



MAKE EXERCISE 99. 



OF CONJUNCTIONS. 

CHAPTER VIII. 



83 



OF CONJUNCTIONS. 

312. What is a conjunction'? 

A conjunction is a word used to connect words 
and sentences. 

313. Tell me the principal conjunctions. 



a condition, 


on condition 


neanmoins, 


however 


ainsi. 


thus 




ou, 


or 


a moins que 


, unless 




outre que, 


besides 


au moins, 


at least 




parceque, 


because 


car, 


for 




pour que, 


in order that 


cependant, 


however 




puisque. 


since 


c'est-a-dire, 


that is 




pourtant, 


yet 


comme, 


as 




quoique. 


although 


d'ailleurs, 


besides 




savoir, 


that is 


de plus, 


moreover 




si que. 


as 


du moins, 


at least 




sinon que. 


unless 


enfin, 


at last 




si. 


if 


et, 


and 




toutefois, 


although 


mais, 


but 




tantot, 


now 


» 


MAKE 


EXERCISE 100. 










• 




CHAPTER IX. 




1 











OF INTERJECTIONS. 

314. What is an interjection 1 

An interjection is a word that is uttered merely 
to indicate some strong or sudden emotion of the 
mind. 

helas, alas hola, hallo 

ah, ah halte la, stop 

fi, fy ouais, lackaday 

chut, silence aliens, let us go. 

END OF THE GRAMMAR. 



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8 



86 

Whenever the pupil has any doubt about the pronunciation, the 
teacher, before correcting him, should refer him to the rule corre- 
sponding with the number placed upon the syllable. 

SECOND DEGREE. 



EXERCISES 


ON THE SPECIAL 

Rule 12. 


READING RULES 


22 12 


9 12 


9 22 


beau-te 


clar-te 


par-le 


42 14 12 


10 12 


9 22 


quan-ti-te 


res-te 
Rule 13. 


van-te 


15 13 


15 13 


9 13 


don-ne 


for-te 


gran-de 


15 13 


9 13 


28 13 


hom-me 


par-le 
Rule 16. 


rou-le 


16 


16 


16 


du 


glu 


jus 


16 


28 16 


16 


lu 


mou-lu 
Rule 21. 


plus 


SI 


21 45 


21 


faim 


mai-son 


nain 


21 


21_ 45 


21 


pain 


rai-son 
Rule 22. 


vain 


22 41 


9 22 


22 


au-cuti 


ba-teau 


beau 


22 45 


22 13 


9 22 


cau-ser 


chau-ve 
Rule 23. 


gk-Xeau 


9 23 13 


23 13 


23 13 


ba-lei-ne 


pei-ne 


nei-ge 


23 


23 13 


15 23 


peint 


rei-ne 


so-leii 



SPECIAL RRADING RULES. 



87 



Rule 24. 



24 

coeur 

9 24 

mal-heur 


16 24 

fu-reur 

24 

moeurs 
Rule 25. 


15 24 

hor-reur 

15 24 

vo-leur 


14 25 

fi-nie 

15 10 25 

mo-des-tie 


15 25 

gros-sie 

22 25 

pe-rie 
Rule 26. 


15 9 25 

mo-nar-cliie 

16 25 

u-uie 


26 

bien 

26 

lien 


26 

chien 

26 48 

vau-rien 
Rule 27. 


43 26 

gar-dien 

26 

viens 


10 27 

de-voir 

27 

loi 


27 

roi 

9 28 

sa-voir 
Rule 28. 


28 48 

pou-voir 

27 48 

voi-sin 


14 28 

bi-joii 

28 48 

niou-rir 


23 13 

gour-de 

28 21 

pour-rai 
Rule 30. 


28 28 

jou-jou 

28 50 

ou-vert 


30 

ay ant 


50 

pays 
Rule 31. 


30 

payer 


31 13 

char-me 

31 13 

cho-se 


31 13 

chai-re 

31 4y 
chauf-fer 


31 31 

cher-cher 

10 

cher 



88 



SPECIAL READING RULES. 





Rule 32. 


, 


14 50 

gi-let 


14 50 

gi-got 
Rule 33. 


14 50 

gi-sant 


10 13 

guer-re 


33 13 

gui-de 


12 48 

gue-rir , 




Rule 34. 




9 34 

ba-gne 

43 48 

lor-gnon 


43 13 

bor-gne 

15 14 34 

ros-si-gnol 
Rule 35. 


14 49 i 

si-gner 

10 34 48 

es-pa-gnol 


9 50 

ha-bit 

9 13 

ha-che 


24 13 

heu-re 

14 38 

hi-bou 
Rule 36. 


15 13 

hom-me 

15 13 

h6-te 


14 50 

bil-let 

14 13 

fil-le 


9 36 13 

ba-tail-le 

13 

mail-le 


14 28 36 13 

ci-trou-il-le 

14 13 

vil-le 


, 


Rule 38. 




38 9 49 

em-bras-ser 

38 

dent 


38 13 

fem-me 

38 50 

en-fant 
Rule 40. 


38 61 13 

tem-pe-te 

38 50 

veu-dant 


40 21 

im-pair 

31 40 

che-min 


40 13 

. sin-ge 

40 

cinq 
Rule 41. 


40 9 13 

tim-ba-le 

40 48 

din-don 


22 41 

au-cun 


31 41 

cha-cun 


15 41 

com-mun 



SPECIAL READING RULES- 



89 







Rule 42. 




9 13 




9 


42 48 


qiiat-re 




quart 


que-rir 


40 13 




40 42 


42 13 


quin-te 




quin-quet 
Rule 44, 45. 


quoi-que 


44 48 




9 13 


14 38 13 


sau-mon 




sa-ge 


si-len-ce 


9 45 




12 22 


12 14 49 


ra-ser 




re-seau 
Rule 46. 


re-si-gner 


28 46 


13 


46 


46 50 


pour-sui- 


-vre 


suis 
Rule 48. 


sui-vant 


9 




48 


31 


arc 




bon 


chef 


21 




44 


48 


clair 




sel 

Rule 49. 


turc 


15 49 




15 14 26 


44 49 


dori-ner 




of-fi-cier 
Rule 50. 


soii-ner 


9 50 




50 


28 


a-mis 




bord 


bourg 


9 




31 


12 50 


bras 




chaux 


e-tat 


28 




50 


9 50 


loup 




trop 
Rule 51. 


tan-tot 


16 


26 




43 J3 


duca-t-ancien 




tro-p-aimable 


9 


13 




31 50 


regar-d-affable 




che-z-eux 



8* 



yM 


3PECIAL READING RULES. 






Rule 52. 




22 


50 




44 38 


faux-(z)- 


amis 


Rule 53. 


sans-(z)argent 


9 53 48 




15 53 48 


12 15 16 53 48 


ac-ti-on 




po-ti-on 
Rule 54. 


re-vo-lu-ti-on 


9 54 




24 54 


16 54 


avaient 




eurent 


furent 


21 38 




38 


28 38 


au-vent 




lent 
Rule 55. 


sou-vent 


43 




22 55 


14 


certes 




faus-ses 
Rule 60. 


rires 


31 13 




44 31 


14 60 13 


che-re 




se-che 
Rule 62. 


fi-de-le 


9 43 16 




9 62 13 


9 G2 


a-per-9U 




fa-Qa-de 


fa-Qon 




MONOSYLLABLES. 




9 


48 


55 


38 


a 


bal 


tes 


gens 


50 


50 


55 


50 


an 


has 


ses 


pris 


60 


50 


50 


50 


arc 


car 


tel 


lis 


9 


13 


42 


48 


ma 


ce 


quel 


il 


9 


50 


33 


14 


ta 


cerf 


lent 


cri 


9 


55 


38 


40 


sa 


mes 


prend 


cinq 



MON'OSYLLABLES. 



91 



32 


48 


24 


27 


git 


snr 


neuf 


roi 


40 


16 


24 


27 ^ 


crin 


dru 


peur 


croix 


40 


48 


24 


28 


vingt 


dur 


jeu 


lout 


48 


16 


33 


28 


bloc 


lu 


gueux 


clou 


50 


21 


24 


28 


blond 


bain 


moeurs 


bourg 


13 


21 


24 


28 


comme 


vain 


coeur 


lourd 


48 


21 


26 


28 


mon 


mais 


bien 


pour 


48 


21 


26 


. 28 


ton 


chair 


rien 


nous 


44 


21 


26 


28 


son 


sain 


lien 


vous 


50 


21 


26 


16 


dont 


lait 


liens 


buis 


50 


21 


31 


16 


plomb 


frais 


chien 


cuit 


16 


21 


26 


16 


fus 


gain 


viens 


cuir 


16 


23 


27 


16 


cru 


ceint 


bois 


nuit 


16 


23 


27 


28 


bu 


sein 


loi 


oui 


16 


24 


27 




brut 


bleu 


moi 




50 


24 


27 




plus 


eux 


loi 




48 


24 


44 




due 


fleur 


soi 





92 



WORDS OF TWO SYLLABLES. 



9 


24 


12 21 


22 24 


ac - 


teur 


e - clair 


* hau - teur 


9 


22 


10 50 


9 21-50 


an - 


neau 


ef-fet 


ja - mais 


9 


48 


12 16 


28 49 


ac - 


tif 


e - cu 


jou-er 


9 


48 


12 28-50 


16 13 


ba- 


ton 


e - poux 


ju-ge 


9 


40 


9 22 


9 42-50 


ba - 


din 


far - deau 


la-quais 


21 


45 


15 50 


14 42-24 


bai 


- se 


fo - ret 


li - queur 


9 


48 


14 48 


15 33-24 


bal 


- con 


fri - pon 


Ion - gueur 


9 


12 


16 24 


40 13 


ca - 


fe 


fu - reur 


lin - ge 


9 


48 


9 13 


9 13 


ca - 


rion 


ga-ge 


mar- bre 


9 


13 


32 50 


24 13 


cal 


- me 


gi - got 


meu - ble 


9 


48 


33 13 


38 13 


cap 


-tif 


guer - re 


mem - bre 


31 


48 


33 13 


28 42 


char - bon 


gui - de 


moiis - quet 


31 


40 


35 50 


9 49 


che 


- min 


ha - bit 


nat- ler 


10 


14 


35 24 


14 23 


de- 


mi 


hor - reur 


ni- veau 


12 


59 


21 13 


14 22_50 


de- 


j^ 


* hai - ne 


ni - gaud 


14 


28-50 


35 14 


15' 24 


dis 


- cours 


* har-di 


nom - breux 



^_lgglggll 



WORDS OF TWO SYLLABLES. 93 



43 13 


9 28-50 




28 22 


or - dre 


ra - gout 




trou - peau 


15 13 


21 48 




16 14 


om - bre 


rai - son 




u - ni 


15 13 


38 14 




16 12 


on - cle 


rem - pli 




u - se 


9 21 


10 34 




9 37 


pa- lais 


re - gne 




va - cant 


23 13 


22 13 




14 34 


pei - ne 


sau- ce 




vi - gne 


15 31 


21 14 




10 48 


po - che 


sai - si 




ve - nir 


15 50 


44 34 




27 12 


pro - gr6s 


si - gne 




voi - 16 


42 13 


44 50 




12 12 


qua - Ire 


sue - c^s 




ze - le 


42 13 


9 48 






quel -que 


ta - bac 






42 48 


15 22 






que - rir 


torn - beau 






WORDS OF THREE 


SYLLABLES. 


9 37 48 


10 


38 


37 


a - ban - don 


ce - 


pen 


- dant 


9 14 13 


15 


15 


16 


a - bl - ine 


con 


-fo 


n - du 


9 53 48 


16 


45 


13 


ac - ti - on 


cui 


- si 


- ne 


28 36 13 


37 


10 


24 


bou - teil - le 


dan 


-ge 


- reux 


28 10 13 


10 


16 


13 


brou - et - te 


des 


-po 


- te 


22 53 48 


12 


14 


49 


cau - ti - on 


de- 


cli. 


■ ncr 



94 WORDS OF THREE SYLLABLES. 

12 31 49 28 9 26 

e - chan - ger jour - na - lier 

38 10 24 16 13 54 

em - pe - reur ju - ge - ment 

38 23 34 37 9 13 

en - sei - gne Ian - ga - ge 

9 14 42-13 14 9 62 

fa - bri - que li - ma - 9on 

14 9 13 15 13 54 

fi - las - se lo - ge - ment 

24 14 13 9 32 50 

fleu - ris - te ma - gis - trat 

9 37 48 12 15 13 

ga - ran - tir me - tho - de 

33 22 13 12 14 12 

gui - mau - ve ne - gli - ge 

28 43 24 15 14 50 

gou - ver - neur o - bli - geant 

35 14 50 15 23 36 

ha - bi - tant o - reil - le 

43 15 13 15 38 49 

hor - lo - ge of- fen - ser 

43 14 54 9 10 24 

bar - di - ment pa - res - seux 

35 24 45 28 14 60 

hon - teu - se pous - si - ere 

14 15 49 16 12 48 

im - mo - ler pu - e - ril 

40 14 49 42 43 13 

im - pri - mer qua - tor - ze 

14 38 45 42 37 13 

im - men - se quit - tan - ce 

24 10 13 21 45 12 

jeu - nes - se rai - son - ne 



WORDS OF FOUR SYLLABLES. 



95 



10 


45 


12 


re - 


ser - 


ve 


44 


13 


54 


sa - 


ge- 


nient 


44 


37 


13 


se - 


an - 


ce 


28 


21 


49 


sou 


- hai 


- ter 


16 


12 


49 


sue 


- ce - 


der 


38 


10 


13 


ten 


- dres - se 



38 12 12 
tern - pc - re 
16 45 13 
u - sa - ge 
9 37 13 
va - can 
27 16 



vol - tu 
12 14 



ze 



phi 



ce 
13 

re 
33 
re 



WORDS OF 

9 37 15 49 
a- ban - don - ner 
9 14 16 12 
as - si - dui - te 
22 9 43 37 
au - pa - ra - vant 
43 9 13 54 
bar - ba - re - ment 
16 9 13 54 
bru - ta - le - ment 
15 16 21 48 
con - ju - gai - son 
15 10 15 37 
cor -res - pon -dant 
15 14 53 48 
con - vie - ti - on 
9 37 9 13 
(la - van - ta - ge 
14 10 13 54 
di - rec - te - ment 



FOUR SYLLABLES. 

38 14 45 12 
em - pri - son - ne 
10 9 9 13 
es - da - va - ge 
10 12 38 13 
es - pe - ran - ce 
9 14 13 54 
fa - ci - le - ment 
14 60 13 54 
fi - de - le - ment 
28 43 37 13 
gou - ver - nan - te 
35 14 16 13 
ha - hi - tu - de 
35 24 45 54 
* hi - deu - se - ment 
14 34 37 13 
i - gno - ran - ce 
9 28 24 13 
ja - lou - si - e 



96 



WORDS OF FOUR SYLLABLES. 



9 


34 


14 


13 


9 15 15 49 


ma ■ 


• gni 


- fi - 


que 


ra - com - mo - der 


10 


23 


36 


13 


10 12 13 54 


mer 


- veil 


- leu 


- se 


se - ere - te - ment 


12 


14 


38 


54 


44 14 14 24 


ne - 


gli- 


gem 


- ment 


so - ]i - ci - teur 


28 


10 


13 


55 


16 14 37 50 


ou - 


ver 


- te - 


ment 


suf - fi - san - ce 


9 


23 


36 


54 


9 16 53 48 


pa- 


reil - 


le- 


ment 


tra - due - ti - on 


15 


15 


12 


58 


9 42 13 54 


pro 


- fOR 


-de- 


ment 


tran - quil - le - ment 


42 


14 


ls 


49 


16 14 10 45 


qiies - ti 


- on 


- ner 


u - ni - ver - sel 


10 


15 


37 


49 


12 14 9 13 


re- 


com ■ 


■ man 


- der 


ve - ri - ta - ble 



THIRD DEGREE. 



50 41 38 50 

AVIS A UN EN-FANT. 

10 28 50 13 12 15 13 9 9 21 48 50 

1. Re-tour-nez de I'e-co-le a la mai-son sans 

28 50 9 43 49 43 55 55 15 10 13 

vous^_^ar-re-ter par les rues ; mo-des-te- 

54 63 9 14 13 50 ' 26 49 14 15 38 49 

ment ; c'est-a-di-re sans cri-er ni of-fen-ser 

43 15 13 22 15 21 13 14 63 28 50 40 

per-son-ne, au con-trai-re, si I'on vous^_^in- 

16 25 50 15 38 45 38 16 50 13 28 9 

ju-rie et of-fen-se, en-du-rez-le pour I'a- 

28 13 26 24 50 15 55 38 28 61 13 

mour de Dieii, et di-tes^_,en vous me-me ; 

26 24 28 15 13 9 9 13 13 28 10 38 

Dieu Yous don-ne la gra-ce de vous re-pen- 



THIRD DEGREE. 97 

48 13 15 13 22 13 50 28 43 15 13 15 

tir de vo-tre fan te et vous par-don-ne, com- 

13 13 28 43 15 13 

me je vous par-don-iie, 

42 28 38 15 10 50 42 13 43 15' 

Quand vous ren-con-tre-nez quel-que per-son- 

13 13 15 13 15 21 37 13 9 16 50 9 13 

ne de vo-ue con-nais-san-ce ; sa-lu-ez-la le 

10 26 43 13 13 62 16 13 9 53 48 

pre-mier, par-ce-que c'est_u-ne ac-ti-on 

63 16 14 14 12 

d' hu-mi-li-te. 

42 28 38 10 50 31 28 28 50 

3. Quand vous_en-tre-rez chez vous, ou dans 

42 13 22 13 21 48 44 16 50 24 42 

quel-que au-tre niai-son, sa-lu-ez ceux que 

28 17 28 10 50 

VOUS y trou-ve-rez. 

14 24 42 50 28 27 16 28 28 15 

Si ceux qui ont pou-voir sur vous, vous com- 

37 54 42 13 31 13 42 27 35 61 13 

man-dent quel-que cho-se, qui soit hon-ne-te 

13 42 28 16 26 21 13 15 12 14 50 24 

et que vous puis-siez fai-re, o-be-is-sez-leur 

15 15 26 50 15 13 54 

vo-lon-tiers et promp-te-ment. 

14 63 28 14 9 21 13 14 13 42 13 

Si Ton vous com-man-dait de di-re quel-que 

9 15 13 28 13 21 13 12 13 9 53 48 22 

pa-ro-le, ou de fai-re quel-que ac-ti-on mau- 

21 13 12 14 58 42 28 13 13 28 50 

vai-se, re-pon-dez, que vous ne le pou-vez 

40 21 13 22 50 42 13 9 12 21 9 

point fai-re, d'au-lant que ce-la de-plait^_^a 

24 

Dieu. 

43 50 28 26 9 9 13 28 36 24 13 

Gar-dez-vous bien, a ta-ble, ou ail-leurs de 
9 



98 THIRD DEGREE. 

10 9 43 13 38 13 10 13 28 21 13 

de-man-(ler, de pren-dre et de sous-trai-re 

38 9 31 13 28 22 13 54 13 63 48 22 

en ca-chet.-te, ou au-tre-ment, ce qu' on au- 

9 44 14 13 61 13 28 13 13 10 50 50 

ra ser-vi, et me-me vous ne le de-vez pas 

10 43 49 9 48 38 25 

re-gar-der a-vec en-vie. 

42 48 28 15 10 9 42 13 31 13 10 

7. Quand on vous don-ne-ra quel-que cho-se, re- 

13 50 10 9 48 10 50 50 10 43 14 50 10 

ce-vez le a-vec res-pect et re-mer-ci-ez ce- 

16 18 10 13 42 28 22 9 14 12 

lui, au cel-le, qui vous I'au-ra don-ne. 

13 28 9 12 50 40 9 9 13 14 63 13 

8. Ne vous^_^as-se-yez point^^a tab-le, si Ton ne 

28 17 40 14 13 

vous,^^y in-vi-te. 

9 50 50 16 13 28 13 54 50 15 63 13 

9. Man-gez et bu-vez dou-ce-ment et hon-ne-te- 

54 50 9 14 14 12 50 10 50 

ment, sans.,^a-vi-di-te et sans^^ex-ces. 

13 43 50 '0 13 15 13 21 48 50 38 

10. Ne sor-tez point de vo-tre mai-son sans^_^en 

10 9 49 50 50 9 27 15 10 16 9 41 

de-man-der et sans^^a-voir ob-te-nu la per- 

U 14 48 

mis-si-ou. 

63 50 40 9 48 55 38 50 14 14 28 

11. N'al-lez point^^a-vec les^_^en-fans vi-ci-eux 

50 12 31 • 48 50 28 54 28 16 13 

et me-chans ; car ils peu-vent vous nui-re 

28 13 50 50 28 62 13 

pour le corps et pour I'a-me. 

42 28 22 50 38 16 12 42 13 

12. Quand vous^_au-rez em-prun-te quel-que 



THIRD DEGREE. 



99 



31 13 38 50 13 22 16 50 50 63 38 50 

cho-se, ren-dez-le au plu-tot et n'al-ten-dez 

50 63 28 13 10 37 10 

pas qu'on vous le de-man-de. 

43 13 28 22 50 9 43 49 9 42 13 

13. Lors-que voiis^_^au-rez^_^a par-ler a quel-que 

43 15 13 42 44 9 15 16 13 12 38 50 

per-son-ne, qui se-ra oc-cu-pee, pre-sen-tez 

28 9 48 10 50 50 9 38 50 03 13 

voiis^_^a-vec res-pect et at-ten-dez qu' elle 

21 13 27 45 13 28 43 49 50 63 13 28 

ait le loi-sir de vous par-ler, et qu' elle vous 

10 37 13 13 42 28 16 28 50 

de-man-de ce que vous lui vou-lez. _ 

14 42 63 41 28 10 38 28 28 15 13 

14. Si quel-qu' un vous re-prend, 6u vous don-ne 

42 13 9 43 50 13 54 10 43 14 50 13 

quel-que a-ver-tis-se-ment, re-mer-ci-ez-le 

9 48 16 14 14 12 

a-vec hu-mi-li-te. 

9 50 22 10 50 13 24 42 39 54 " 50 

15. Al-lez,^_^au de-vant de ceux, qui en-trent chez 

28 28 55 44 16 49 

VOUS, pour les sa-lu-er. 

14 42 63 41 51 28 21 38 15 13 12 

16. Si quel-qu' un dit^_^ou fait^^^en vo-tre pre- 

38 13 42 13 31 13 40 14 34 41 12^ 

sen-ce, quel-que cho-se in-di-gne d'un chre- 

26 10 10 27 34 9 23 13 42 28 38 

ti-en, te-moi-gnez la pei-ne, que vous^_^en 

10 38 50 

res-sen-tez. 

43 55 22 55 10 37 54 9 14 13 

17. Quand les pau-vres de-nian-dent^^a vo-tre 



100 THIRD DEGREE. 

43 13 25 50 9 50 13 24 21 22 

por-te pri-ez vos pa-rens, de leur fai-re I'au- 

15 13 28 63 28 13 24 

mo-ne pour I'a-mour de Dieu. 

13 27 9 50 13 28 51 49 28 49 10 

18. Le soir a-vant de vous,^_^al-ler cou-cher, raet- 

50 23 51 10 28 50 14 55 15 13 26 J 3 

tez-vous^^a ge-iioux et di4es vo-tre pri-ere 

9 48 9 33 53 50 12 15 53 

a-vec at-ten-tion et de-vo-tion. 

13 9 40 38 23 12 50 14 55 12 15 13 

19. Le ma-tin, en vous le-vant, di-les de-vo-te- 

54 9 26 60 16 9 40 38 46 13 28 

ment la pri-ere du ma-tin. En-sui-te sou- 

21 50 13 48 28 9 50 60 13 50 60 13 

hai-tez le bon jour a vos pe-re et me-re. 

43 50 28 26 13 38 48 38 42 13 

20. Gar-dez-vous bien de men-tir en quel-que 

9 26 60 13 42 13 27 9 55 33 24 

ma-ni-e-re que ce soit ; car les men-teurs 

44 55 38 50 16 12 48 42 50 13 60 

sont les, ^cn-fans du de-mon, qui est le pe- 
ls 16 38 45 13 

re du raen-son-ge. 

17 28 50 63 9 9 49 9 12 13 9 

21. Soyez tou jours pret^_^a al-ler a I'e-cole ; ap- 

10 50 27 34 13 54 55 31 55 42 

pre-nez soi-gneu-se-ment les cho ses, que 

50 21 55 28 38 23 34 17 50 

vos mai-tres vous ^en-sei-g-nent, so vez- 

24 26 15 12 14 50 50 10 10 16 34 

leur bien o-be-is-sant et res-pec-tu-eux. 



AMOUR d'uNE mere. 101 

STORIES BY MAD. DUFRENOY. 



AMOUR d'uNE mere. 



Elizabeth Eberts, fiUe 1 de Sebastien Eberts, 
sergent 2 veteran 3 au regiment 4 royal, epousa 5 
le 3 Avril, 1780, Henri Gabel, grenadier au 
meme regiment, la veiile 6 de son embarquement 7 
pour TAmerique. Elle donna le jour 8 a une fille 
le 20 Mars, 1781, a Rhode Island. Le regiment 
partit 9 au mois 10 de Mai pour I'expedition de 
York Town en Virginie. Pendant la route, 11 
Elizabeth poriait 12 son enfant, tantot 13 sur le 
bras, 14 tantot sur les epaules ; 15 elle fut aper- 
Que 16 par des Americains, qui accouraient 17 en 
foule 18 pour voir 19 passer les troupes Fran- 
daises. Plusieurs'd'entre 20 eux penetres d'ad- 
miration pour la bonne mere, lui propotj^rent 
d'acheter 21 son enfant, elle refusa toujours, 
quelque 22 fut la somme, qu'ils lui ofTrissent. 

Le regiment arriva a Hartford, capitale 23 de 
la province de Connecticut, ou I'armee se rassem- 
bla, et oil elle sejourna. 24 Phisieurs families 
americaines y 25 firent 26 a Elizabeth la meme 
proposition. Je ne donnerais pas mon enfant 

1 daughter. 2 sergeant. 3 veteran, 4 regi- 

ment. 5 married. 6 the day before. 7 embar- 

cation. 8 gave birth. 9 departed. 10 month. 

11 road, journey. 12 carried. 13 now. 14 arm. 

15 shoulders. 16 perceived. 17 came running. 

18 great number. 19 see. 20 amongst. 21 buy, 

22 whatever. 23 metropolis. 24 sojourned. 25 

there. 26 made. 

9* 



i02 LE BON FILS. 

pour toiite votre Amerique. Enfin un riche parti- 
culier 27 de Hartford et sa femme, 28 maries 29 
depuis long-tems et sans 30 enfants, demanderent 
a Elizabeth d'adopter sa fille 31 et de lui assurer 
leur fortune. Elizabeth persista dans ses refus 32 
et porta son enfant de Rhode Island en Virginie, 
et de la Virginie a Boston, dans un espace 33 de 
650 lieux. 34 Les generaux et les chefs 35 du 
regiment, touches 36 de ce trait 37 d'araour 38 
maternel, firent present 39 de vingl-cinq louis 40 
a I'enfant et a la mere. 

Notre amour pour nos parens 41 n'est qu' 42 
un juste retour 43 de ce qu' 44 ils font 45 pour 46 
nous. 



27 private gentleman. 28 wife, lady. 29 mar- 
ried. 30 without. 31 girl, daughter. 32 refusal. 
33 a space. 34 french miles. 35 chiefs, heads. 
36 touched. 37 act. 38 love. 39 made a pre- 
sent. 40 a french gold piece. 41 parents. 42 
only. 43 return. 44 for what. 45 do. 46 for. 

LE BON FILS. 

Un paysan 1 d'un village pres 2 d'Agra, pour- 
suivi 3 par ses creanciers 4 etait oblige 5 sous 
peine 6 de prison 7, de payer vingt-qnatre florins 
8 dans I'espace 9 de vingt-quatre heures. Son 
fils, soldat 10 dans le regiment de Strasbourg, de- 



1 peasant. 2 near. 3 persecuted. 4 cred- 
itors. 5 obliged. 6 under punishment. 7 pri- 
son. 8 a german coin. 9 within the space. 10 



LE BON IILS. 103 

sespere 11 de la situation, ou 12 se trouvait 13 
son pere, lui proposa de deiioncer 14 iin de ses 
camarades 15, qu'il savail IG devoir deserter 17 
le soir m6me 18 arin 19 d'avoir 20 la gratificaiion 
21,qu'on accorde 22 an delateur 23; gratifica- 
tion, qui se trouvait 24 precisement 25 de vingt- 
quatre florins. Le pere, homme naturellement 
^ 26 droit 27 et honneie 28, rejeta 29 d'abord 30 
avec une esp^ce 31 d'indignaiion un moyen 32 si 
odieux 33 dc se derober 34 a la justice. Cepen- 
dant 35 I'horreur de son sort 36 vint s'offrir 37 a 
ses yenx sous 38 les plus vives 39 et sous les 
plus affligeantes 40 couleurs 41. La voix 42 du 
malheur 43 etouffe 44 en lui celle de la probile. 
L'infortune paysan souscrit 45 enfin, en rougis- 
sant, 46 et les yeux baignes 47 de larmes 48 k 
cette proposition, qu'il avait d'abord envisagee 49 
coinme le comble 50 de la perfidie. 

Des que 51 la nuit 52 fut venue 53 le fils 
courut 54 se poster 55 dans le lieu 56 oil le pre- 

soldier. 1 1 in despair. 12 in which. 13 found 
himself, was. 14 denounce. 15 comrade. 16 
knew. 17 desert. 18 same evening. 19 that. 
20 might have receive. 21 reward. 22 is grant- 
ed, 23 informer. 24 found itself, was. 25 pre- 
cisely. 26 naturally. 27 upright. 28 honest. 
29 rejected. 30 at first. 31 kind. 32 means. 
33 odious. 34 escape. 35 however. 36 fate. 
37 offer itself. 38 under. 39 liveliest. 40 af- 
flicting. 41 colours. 42 voice. 43 misfortune. 
44 chokes, drowns. 45 subscribes, yields. 46 
blushing. 47 bathed. 48 tears. 4 9 looked 
upon. 50 height. 51 as soon as. 52 night. 
53 come. 54 run. 55 put. 56 place. 57 sup- 



104 EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 

tendu 57 deserteur devait 58 se trouver ; arrete 
59 comme tel, il fut conduit 60 a son regiment. 
Tandis 61 que le paysan re^oit d'une main trem- 
blante 62 les vingt-quatre florins, son fils est 
condanine 03 a recevoir trois cents coups de 
fouet 64, et soutient 65 avec fermete 66 les pre- 
miers deux cents ; mais alors 67 la rigueur 68 
du supplice 69 arrache 70 a son innocence un cri 
71 Jnvolontaire : 72 tout est decouvert 73. 

Le roi 74 informe de cet acte 75 de piete 76 
filiale, accorde 77 au soldat une lieutenance 78 et 
une pension de cent florins. 

posed. 58 ought. 59 arrested. 60 conducted. 
61 whilst. 62 tremhling. 63 condemned. 64 
lashes, 65 endured, sustained. 66 firmness. 
67 then. 68 rigour. 69 punishment. 70 to tear 
violently, to force. 71 a cry. 72 involuntary. 
73 discovered. 74 king. 75 act, deed. 76 
piety, love. 77 grants. 78 lieutenancy. 

EXERCISES ON THE GRAMxMAR. 

Remark to the Teacher. — 1st. The pupil ought 
to make ond^ exercise every day and afterwards 
correct it in the presence of the teacher. ]n 
case there should be anv mistakes, the pupil 
should make it again, without being allowed to 
consult the corrected copy. 

2rid. It is recommended that the pupil should 
first read the rules, corresponding to the numbers, 
placed at the head of each exercise, before trans- 
lating it. 

N. B. The signification of the words occur- 



M.^^kH*^ailMiha 



EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 105 

ring in the French translations, is always to be 
found in the preceding English exercises. 

FORMATION OF THE PLURAL. 12, 13, 15. 

1. — The house 1 ; the men 2 ; the kings 3; 
the brothers 4 ; the princesses 5 ; the si.^ters 6 ; 
the cousins 7 ; the voices 8 ; the woods 9 ; the 
sons 10; the countries 11 ; the cakes 12; the 
tables 13 ; the generals 14 ; the women 15 ; the 
boys 16; the cities 17; the officers 18; the 
husbands 19. 

1 maison f. 2 homme ni. 3 roi 4 frere 5 prin- 
cesse 6 soeur 7 cousine 8 voix f. 9 bois m. 10 fils 
11 pays m. 12 gateau m. 13 table f. 14 general 
15 feinme 16 gar^on 17 villa f. 18 officier 19 
mari. 

14, 16, 17, 18. 

2. — The scissors ; the balls ; the heavens ; the 
locks ; the riches ; the portals ; the betrothals ; 
the holes ; the fans ; the cattle ; (plu.) the tongs ; 
the particulars ; the fools ; the nails ; the serag- 
lios ; the ancestors ; the funerals ; the eyes. 

(OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE. 

23, 25, 27, 31, 32, 33. 

3. — The son 1 ; the fruits 2 ; the house ; the 
sisters ; the friend ; the shame 3 ; the souls 4 ; 
the horrors 5 ; of the boy ; of the sister; of the 
sons ; of the mothers ; of the altar ; of the trees ; 
of the error 6 ; of the souls ; to the table 7 ; to 
the books 8 ; to the wood 9. 

Ik 1 fils 2 fruit m. 3 honte f. 4 ame f. 5 horreur f. 
6 erreur f. 7 table f. 8 livre m. 9 bois m. 



106 EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 

4. — De la maison ; au fils ; I'arbre ; de I'ami ; 
a la honle ; le livre ; au bois ; des ames ; les 
arbres ; aux maisons ; des erreurs ; a la maison ; 
du Jivre ; des livres ; aux amis ; du bois. 

SYNTAX OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE. 34, 35. 

5. — Spain 1 ; Asia 2 ; gratitude 3 is a vir- 
tue 4 ; Ohio ; the Volga 5 ; the Mississippi 
Russia 6 ; from England 7 ; to the Danube 8 
from Europe 9; friendship 10 is a duty 11 
vice 12 is frightful 13 ; of the Alps. 

1 Espagne 2 Asie 3 gratitude f. 4 vertu f. 
5 Volga f. 6 Russie f. 7 Angleterre 8 Danube m. 
9 Europe 10 amitie f . 1 1 devoir m. 12 vice m. 
13 affreux. 

6. — Du Danube ; la joie 1 ; est rare 2 ; de 
I'Asie ; aux Alpes ; de la Volga ; la vertu est un 
devoir; le Danube ; le jeu 3; est affreux. 

1 joy. 2 rare. 3 gambling. 

OF THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE. 37, 39, 42. 

7. — A man ; a mother ; of a brother ; of a child ; 
of a sister ; to a garden 1 ; from a tree ; to a 
vi^ord 2 ; to a table ; a nut 3 ; of a pencil 4 ; to 
a tree. 

1 jardin m. 2 parole f. 3 noix f. 

8. — D'un jardin ; a un liomme ; d'une mere ; a 
un arbre ; d'une parole ; a une noix ; un frere ; 
un enfant ; a une soeur. 



^ 



EXERCISES OX THE GRAMMAR. 107 

PARTITIVE ARTICLE. 

44, 46, 48, 52, 53, 54. 

9. — Some bread ; some cream 1 ; some gold ; 
some oil ; of some fruit ; of some soup ; of some 
water 2 ; of some pears 3 ; of some cakes 4 ; to 
some wine ; to some mustard 5 ; to some ink 6 ; 
to some silver. 

1 creme f. 2 eau f. 3 poire f. 4 gateau. 5 
moutarde. 6 ericre. 

10. — De gateau ; a de I'eau ; de creme ; de la 
moutarde ; des poires ; de I'eau ; des gateaux ; 
de soupes ; a des fruits ; de I'huile ; de la poire. 

SYNTAX OF THE PARTITIVE ARTICLE. 56. 

1 1 . — Books, pens and paper ; I have bread and 
wine ; 1 like 1 gold and silver ; some water and 
milk 2 ; plums, 3 apples and pears are sweet 4 ; 
of love and friendship ; books and engravings 5. 

F 1. j'aime 2 lait m. 3 prune f. 4 douces. 
5 gravure f. 

12. — Du pain ; de I'eau et du vin ; d'or et d'ar- 
gent ; a des poires et a des pommes ; de I'amour 
et de I'amitie ; a de I'encre et a du papier. 

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE ARTICLES. 

57, 60, 61. 
Jk 13. — The books, pens and paper; I like 1 
gratitude and friendship ; the mother, daughters 
and sons ; of the father and son ; the leaves 2 
and fruits of the trees and plants 3 ; a brother 
and friend. 

1 j'aime 2 feuille f. 3 plante f. 



108 EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 

14. — Au pere et au fils ; d'lin frere et d'lin ami ; 
au livre ; a la plume ; le papier et la plume ; des 
fruits et des feuilles sur les arbres. 

FORMATION OF THE PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES. 67. 

15. — The good sons; the pretty 1 children; 
the equal 2 friends ; the general officers 3 ; the 
new 4 books ; the envious 5 children ; the jeal- 
ous 6 husbands ; the royal palaces 7 ; the beau- 
tiful gardens. 

1 joli. 2 egal. 3 officier. 4 nouveau. 5 en- 
vieux. 6 jaloux. 7 palais m. ^ 

FORMATION OF THE FEMININE ADJECTIVES. 

68, 69, 70. 

16. — The pretty girl ; the great girl ; the be- 
loved 1 girl; the dark night; a pleasant night ; 
an amusing 2 story 3 ; a prudent 4 mother ; a 
dear 5 mother; a true 6 friend ; (fem.) an in- 
structed 7 girl. 

1 aime. 2 amusant. 3 histoire f. 4 prudent. 5 
cher. 6 arbre m. 7 instruit. 

71, 72, 73, 74, 75. 

17. — A dry 1 apple ; a good apple ; a big 
apple ; a frank girl ; a lively girl ; a natural 2 
girl ; an immortal 3 tragedy ; a delightful 4 tra- 
gedy ; a white 5 flower 6 ; a virtuous 7 girl ; a 
better girl ; an inferior tragedy ; a superior mother. 

1 sec. 2 naturel. 3 immortal. 4 delicieux. 
5 blanc. 6 fleur f. 7 vertueux. 



EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 109 

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES, 76. 

18. — An accusing letter ; a benign provi- 
dence 1 ; a decrepit woman ; a sweet girl ; a false 
wife; a favorite flower; a fresh flower; along 
letter ; a red flower ; a treacherous queen 2 ; a 
Turkish girl ; a twin sister. 

1 providence f. 2 reine." 

77, 78. 

19. — A beautiful book; a beautiful altar; a 
beautiful woman ; a beautiful expression ; a 
mad cousin 1 ; a mad friend ; a mad comedy 2 : a 
mad story ; an old father ; an old man ; an old 
house. 

1 cousin m. 2 comedie. 

DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES, 79. 

20. — Of a good book ; to the good brother ; of 
the general officers ; to the general officers ; of the 
great boys ; to the great girls ; an amusing story ; 
to an immortal tragedy ; of a noble 1 virtue ; the 
populous 2 cities ; from a natural 3 position 4. 

1 noble. 2 populeux. 3 nature). 4 position f. 

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

83, 84, 85, 86, 87. 

21. — Lively; livelier; less lively; the liveli- 
est ; the least lively (masc, and fem.) ; the most 
amusing story 1 ; the least pleasant 2 city ; the 
10 



110 EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 

best Story ; the better story; the worst (fern, plu.) ; 
the smallest boy. 

1 histoire f. 2 agreable. 

COMPARISON OF EQUALITY, 88. 

22. As great as you ; the brother is as bad as 
the sister ; she is as accomplished 1 as good ; 
Milton is as great a poet 2 as Dante ; New-York 
is as populous 3 as Naples 4 ; the Mississippi is 
as rapid 5 as the Danube 6. 

1 accompli. 2 poete. 3 populeux. 4 Naples. 
5 rapide. 6 Danube m. 

23. — Plus amusant ; I'homme le plus agreable ; 
aussi agreable, qu' amusant ; la moins accomplie ; 
le garQon est aussi petit, que lafille; la meilieure 
histoire ; I'Amerique est plus grande, que I'Europe. 

SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES. 

89, 90, 91, 92. 

24. — The king 1 and the beggar 2 are 3 mor- 
tal 4 ; the officer and the soldiers 5 are beaten 6 ; 
the sister and the governess 7 are gone out 8 ; 
the wives and the daughters are virtuous ; the 
books and the engravings 10 are lost 11 ; the sis- 
ter and the brothers are lively. 

1 roi. 2 mendiant m. 3 sont. 4 mortel. 5 
soldat. 6 battu. 7 gouvernante. 8 sorti. 9 
vertueux. 10 gravures f. 11 perdu. 



EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. Ill 

ADJECTIVES OF NUMBER, 

94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99. 

25.-4 books ; 76 cents 1 ; 23 boys ; 2468 dol- 
lars 2 ; the tenth street 3 ; the 89lh page 4 ; 99 
pounds 5 ; a dozen (of) apples ; a quarter of a 
dollar ; Charles the second ; Thursday the 26th 
November, 1843 ; March the 5th, (the fifth 
March) ; January the 1st ; the 3d year 6 ; Sunday 
the 4th of May, 1679; 36,450; 156,703; 194,367; 
1,094,277. 

1 sou. 2 gourde. 3 rue f. 4 page f. 5 
livre. 6 annee f. 

26. — A la sixieme page ; une demi-douzaine 
de gourdes ; vendredi, le irois Avril ; mille qua- 
torze cents ; dans une quinzaine ; la quatrieine 
annee ; un million ; quinze cents ; quatre-vingt 
treize. 



CONJUNCTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 118, 123. 

27. — I give 1 him ; I give her ; I give them ; 
1 give you ; I see 2 it ; 1 see him ; I see her ; 
I see them ; I see you ; 1 love him ; I love her ; 
1 love them ; I love you ; I give it to him ; 1 give 
her to them ; I give them to thee ; I give thee to 
them. 

1 je donne. 2 vois. 

110, 111, 113, 121, 124. 
28. — Tome; of you; to them ; from them (f.); 



112 EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 

to ihem (m.) ; I give thee ; near 1 (of) you, him, 
her, them ; for 2 me ; for her ; for them- ; for 
you ; as for 2 (to) her, him, us, them ; give him. 
1 pres. 2 quant a. 

115,116,117. 

29. — I speak 1 to myself; they love 2 them- 
selves (se) ; to ourselves ; from himself; he loves 
himself (se) ; from themselves (m.) ; he hurts 
himself (se) ; to thyself ; from herself; ourselves. 

1 je parle. 2 ils aiment. 

119, 120, 122, 123. 

30. — Have I spoken ? have I spoken to him ? 
have I spoken to them? shall they give 1 ? shall 
they give to me ? give her to them ; do not give 
her to them ; give it to me ; do not give it to me ; 
there is 2 some 3 for 4 you ; finish 5 it ; do not 
finish it. 

1 donnent. 2 il y a. 3 en. 4 pour. 5 finissez. 

31. — Je vous le donne ; je le lui donne ; je la 
leur donne ; vous le donnerai-je ? ne le lui don- 
nez pas ; donnez-le lui ; donnez-la raoi ; la lui 
donnerez-vous 1 il lui donne ; elle le lui a donne. 



32. — Je pense a vous ; parlez pour moi ; ne 
parlez pas pour lui ; parlerai-je pour elle, ou cen- 
tre elle, ou contre eux ? quant a moi, a lui ; pres 
d'eux, d'eiles. 



vN 



■ "l^ ■ ll )H 'HHWB^<K#*BMa»»<^IM» 



EXERCISliS ON THE GRAMMAR. 113 

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 

126, 128, 129, 131, 132. 

33. — My father ; my sister ; his brothers ; my 
tree ; your water ; my trees ; of my paper ; of our 
pen 1 ; of my silver 2 ; of my friends ; to your 
tailor 3 ; to my governess 4 ; to my expression ; 
to my virtue ; to my jewels ; to her sisters ; to his 
trees. 

1 plume f. 2 argent m. 3 tailleur. 4 gouvernante. 

34. — Mon bijou ; de ma mere ; a son amie ; de 
ton enfant ; de son engagement ; a leur tailleur ; 
ma soeur ; de mes expressions ; k leurs bijoux ; 
de vos eofants ; a nos arbres, 

133, 134, 135, 136. 

35. — Whose 1 is that 2 house ? it is 3 mine, 
ours, yours, hers ; of what 4 book do you speak 5 ? 
of yours, of hers, of mine, of theirs : of what 6 
trees do you speak ? of theirs, of mine, of his, of 
hers, of ours, of yours ; of what houses do you 
speak ? of his. 

1 a qui. 2 cette. 3 c'est. 4 de quel. 5 parlez- 
vous. 6 de quels. 

36. — De quelle maison ? de la mienne ; a la 
n6ire ; des votres ; de la sienne ; de quel livre ; du 
mien ; au sien ; des leurs ; les notres ; au mien ; 
du tien. 

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 

139, 140, 142, 143. 
37. — This father ; that pencil 1 ; this tree ; 
that friend ; that friend (f ) ; that pen ; this paper ; 
10* 



114 EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 

that cravat 2 ; those apples ; these ears 3 ; of this 
father ; of that pencil ; of those apples : of this 
tree ; of those friends ; of that girl ; from these 
ears ; to this friend ; to that mother ; to this boy ; 
to those 4 flowers. 

1 pencil m. 2 cravate f. 3 oreille f. 
144, 145. 

38. — What book ? this, that there, this here, 
what houses ? those, those here ; to these here ; 
to this here ; to that there (m. and f.) ; to those 
there ; to those here (m. and f.) ; from this ; from 
that ; to this ; to that. 

39. — Ce crayon; aces livres; ceux-ci ; cette 
femme ; k celle-ci ; cet homme ; cette ame ; ceci ; 
de cela ; a celui-ci ; ces amis ; a celle-ci ; a ceci ; 
a cela. 

OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS, 147, 148. 

N. B. The pupil must employ both the first and 
second class of relative pronouns. 

40.— The man who speaks 1 ; the man of 
whom, or to whom, I speak ; the man (whom) I 
see 2 ; the woman who speaks ; the woman, of 
whom or to whom I speak ; the woman (whom) 
I see ; the boys who speak ; the boys of whom, 
or to whom I speak. 

1 parle. 2 je vois. 

41. — La femme, que je vois ; la femme de qui, 
dont, ou de laquelle vous parlez ; I'homme, de 
qui, dont, ou duquel vous parlez ; les filles, de 
qui, dont, ou desquelles vous parlez ; les gar9ons, 
a qui, ou auxquels vous parlez ? 



EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 115 
OF INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 

150, 151, 152, 153. 

N. B. The puj)il must employ both classes of 
interrogative pronouns. 

42. — Who speaks 1 ? of whom shall I speak 2 ? 
to whom shall I speak ? of what shall 1 speak ? 
whom or what shall I see 3 ? which book ? which 
books ? which pen ? which pens ? of which book ? 
of which man? of which woman? of which wo- 
men ? to which friend ? to which friends ? 

1 parle. 2 parlerai-je. 3 verrai-je. 

43. — De qui ? a qui? de quel ? a quel ? laquelle 1 
auquel ? de quelle femme ? ou de quelles femmes 
parlez-vous ? qui parle ? quels hommes ? des- 
quelles parlez-vous ? quoi ? de quoi parlez-vous ? 
a quoi pensez-vous ? 

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 

154, 155, 156, 157, 158. 

44. — x\nother, or the other speaks 1 ; a certain 
man speaks ; he speaks of the same ; he speaks 
of such a one ; he speaks to nobody ; to every 
body ; to others ; to somebody ; several speak ; 
he speaks of each thing ; whatever he says 2 ; 
whoever speaks ; of somebody ; to such a one ; 
people think 3 ; they spoke 4 ; one ought 5 ; to 
think 6 ; 

1 parle. 2 il dise. 3 pense. 4 parlait. 5 
devrait. 6 penser. 



116 EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 

OF THE AUXILIARY VERB AVOIR. 
171. 

46. — They have ; he had ; you had (pret) ; he 
will have ; we have had ; you had had ; they had 
had ; we shall have had ; having had ; 1 have 
had ; he had had ; they did have. 

CONTINUATION, 

47. — I should have ; he would have had ; let 
him have ; you may have ; you might have had ; 
thou may'st have ; I should have ; he might have ; 
they may have had. 

48. — J'aurai ; tu as eu ; il eut ; il eut ; nous 
avons ; vous eussiez ; ils aient eu ; j'avais ; vous 
eutes ; ils auront eu ; j'aie ; tu avals eu ; elle a eu ; 
vous auriez ; vous aurez. 

OF THE AUXILIARY VERB ETRE. 
172. 

49. — They are ; he was ; you were (pret.) ; he 
will he ; we have been : you had been ; they had 
been ; we shall have been ; having been ; I have 
been ; we had been ; they were (pret.) 

CONTINUATION. 

50, — I should be ; he would have been ; let him 
be ; you may be ; you may have been ; thou may'st 
be ; I should be ; he might be ; they may have 
been. 



EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 117 

51. — Je serai ; tu as ete ; il eut ete ; il fut ; elle 
fut ; nous sommes ; vous fussiez ; ils avaieiit ete; 
j'etais ; vous etes ; qu'elles fussent ; je serais ; tu 
fusses ; il sera ; lu auras ete ; je suis ; je sois. 

FIRST CONJUGATION. 

174. 

52. — They love ; he saluted 1 ; you played 2 ; 
he did work 3 ; he will condemn 4 ; we have 
loved ; he shall work ; you will play ; I love ; 
thou workesi ; they did salute ; I did condemn ; 
I condemned ; to have played ; working ; we 
condemn ; we did work. 

1 saluer. 2 jouer. 3 travailler. 4 condamner. 

CONTINUATION. 

53. — I consult 1 ; I sacrificed 2 ; I did adorn 
3 ; I meddle 4 ; he will consult ; you should sac- 
rifice ; let him shut 5 ; you may have adorned ; 
you should adorn ; let her consult ; let us shut ; 
consult (you) ; I may adorn ; I might shut. 

1 consulter. 2 sacrifier. 3 orner. 4 m^ler. 
5 fermer. 

CONTINUATION. 

54. — I shall deserve 1 ; I forgive 2 ; I did 
visit 3 ; I should carry 4 ; I have passed 5 ; I 
may forgive ; you did deserve ; you should visit ; 
he passed ; she might carry ; let him visit; you 
will pass ; I may carry ; she might deserve ; we 
shall have forgiven. 



EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 

1 raeriter. 2 pardonner. 3 visiter. 4 porter. 

55. II sacrifie ; nous jouons ; vous porterez ; 
ils pardonneraient ; ils travailleront ; que je mer- 
ite ; nous saluions ; il ornait ; vous visitiez ; 
qu'elle porte ; pardonnez ; je visiterais ; il meri- 
ta ; il raeritat ; ils jouassent : ornant. 

CONTINUATION. 

176, 177. 

56.— We judge 1 ; I neglected 2 ; he did neg- 
lect ; we did neglect ; we might afflict 3 ; he 
placed 4 ; effacing 5 ; he judged ; we afflict ; 
they did place ; we might efface ; I ate 6 ; we 
might eat ; you ate ; we ale. 

1 juger. 2 negliger. 3 affliger. 4 placer. 
5 effacer. 6 manger. 

SECOND CONJUGATION. 

178. 

57. — I punish 1 ; I may choose 2 ; I did soft- 
en 3 ; he might succeed 4 ; she will punish ; let 
him choose ; we should soften ; you may suc- 
ceed ; they should choose ; you might soften ; 
we succeeded ; they should punish ; let her 
choose. 

1 punir. 2 choisir. 3 flechir. 4 reussir. 

CONTINUATION. 

58. — He cherished 1 ; I shall shudder 2 ; let 
him establish 3 ; he shall cherish ; he might es- 



EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 119 

tablish ; shudder (you) : she may shudder ; let 
her establish ; cherishing ; I might have cher- 
ished. 

1 cherir. 2 fremir. 3 etablir. 



CONTINUATION. 

59. — You betray 1 ; he explained 2 ; betray- 
ing ; they should explain ; let him betray ; hav- 
ing explained ; you n»ay betray ; they will ex- 
plain ; they would betray. 

I 1 trahir. 2 definir. 

I 60. — Je reussirai ; il fremit ; nous trahissons ; 
I vous puniriez ; choisis ; ayant trahi ; j'avertirais ; 
■ il punira ; qu'il cherisse ; nous flechimes ; vous 
^. choisissiez ; nous averlissions. 

I 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 

180, 181. 



61. — I did receive; he perceived; you will 
receive ; let him perceive ; they will perceive ; 
you may perceive ; perceiving ; having perceiv- 
ed ; receive (you). 



CONTINUATION. 



62. — I shall conceive 1 ; I might deceive 2 ; 
you will conceive ; let him deceive ; I had de- 
ceived ; they did conceive ; 1 shall deceive. 

1 concevoir. 2 decevoir. 



120 EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 

63. — Tu concevrais ; il apergoit ; nous dece- 
vrions ; vous recevriez ; regois ; ayant con9U ; 
je concevrai ; il degut ; qu'il re9oive ; nous de- 
stinies ; vous aper9ussiez. 

FOURTH CONJUGATION. 

183. 

64. — I spill 1 ; you wait 2 ; he sells 3 ; we 
shall lose 4 ; he should spill ; let them wait ; she 
might sell ; we should have lost ; having spilt ; 
you waited ; they did sell ; to have lost. 

1 repandre. 2 attendre. 3 vendre. 4 perdre. 

CONTINUATION. 

65. — You melt 1 ; they tend 2 ; you heard 3 ; 
I did melt ; you tended ; he did hear ; she will 
melt ; they should tend ; I have heard ; hear 
(you) ; to have melted ; I might hear ; they should 
have melted. 

1 fondre. 2 tendre. 3 entendre. 



CONTINUATION. 

66. — Answer (you) (thou) 1 ; I shall descend 2 ; 
it depends 3 ; I shall answer ; you should depend ; 
you may answer ; let her descend ; having ans- 
wered ; to have depended. 

1 repondre. 2 descendre. 3 dependre. 

67. — Je repandrai ; il perdit ; nous descendis- 
sions ; vous vendriez ; reponds ; je fondrais ; il 



\ 



EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 121 

tendra ; qu'il vende ; nous fondiines ; vous per- 
drez ; ils fondisseiit ; elles rciidirent ; vous de- 
peiidiez. 

PASSIVE VERBS, 187. 

68. — I am judged; we were afflicted; they 
should be sacrificed ; I was cherished ; be thou 
betrayed; I was received; you will be deceived 
let her be received ; it is sold ; you will be lost 
you might have been heard ; you have been sold 
be lost. 

PKOi\OMIx\AL VERBS. 89. 

70. — I have hurt 1 myself; she repents 2; 
you will place yourself; we should have been 
killed 3 ; she might have lost herself; she is re- 
penting. 

1 se blesser. 2 se repentir. 3 se tuer. 

-71. — Je me suis repenti ; nous nous etions 
blesses ; elle s'est tuee ; il se sera repenti ; Je me 
tuerai ; il se tue ; nous nous repenlimes. 

IMPERSONAL VERBS, 191. 

72. — It snows ; it will appear : it has (is) hap- 
pened ; it will freeze : there are : it may snow : 
it mit>ht have happened : there will have been : it 
will freeze. 

73. — II me semble : il aura neige : il aurait pu 
arriver : il y en a : il neigera : il y eut eu : il 
semblait : il neigea, 

11 



122 EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 

VERBS WITH NEGATIONS. 

192, 193, 194. 

74. — I do not speak : he never spoke : lie be- 
trays nothing: you never choose : you have not 
sold : you might not have perceived : do not 
betrav. 

75. — N'ayant pas vendu : je ne donne pas : je 
n'ai pas fini : ne parlez pas : je n'avais pas cru : 
qu'il ne finisse pas : je n'aurais pas rendu. 

VERBS WITH INTERROGATIONS. 

196, 197, 198, 199. 

76. — Am I ? did you speak ? will he receive ? 
do I speak ? do I finish ? shall 1 have received ? 
may 1 choose ? will you betray ? will you have 
betrayed ? did I give ? 

77. — Parle-je ? finira-t-il? regutes-vous? avez- 
vous rendu ? donnerai-je ? donnera-t-elle ? ai-je 
change ? rendiez-vous ? recevrez-vous ? donner- 
ont-ils. 

VERBS WITH NEGATIONS AND INTERROGATIONS. 

200. 

78. — Shall I not judge ? did I not consult ? 
should he not have loved ? may I choose ? may I 
not place ? did I play ? had I played ? might I 
not have played T shall 1 not choose ? 

79. — N'aurai-je pas joue 1 ne parle-je pas ? 
n'eut-elle pas re^u ? n'avais-je pas fini 1 ne ren. 



riMMHidH 



EXERCISES OX THE GRAMMAR. 



123 



drai-je jamais ? n'aimeriez-vous personne ? nc 
donnais-je point ? 

IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 

1 

204, 205, 206, 207. 

80. — I shall go ; he sends away ; she did go 
away ; he goes ; we send ; you should go away ; 
I go away ; they send ; you send away ; I may 
go ; she might go away. 



IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 

209,210, 211,212. 

81. — I assist ; yon did acquire ; thou wilt come 
running ; we shall inquire ; they request ; he runs ; 
we may acquire ; you might run ; I shall assist ; 
run ; let him request. 

213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219. 

82. — I cover ; you discover ; I shall cover ; 
she may gather ; let him receive ; he gathers ; 
you may cover ; we sleep ; you might sleep ; they 
shall gather ; he did cover ; let her discover. 

220, 221, 222,223,224. 

83. — He flies ; he did run away ; I shall fly ; 
let us fly ; we lie ; you may fly ; he may lie ; she 
might die ; we revoke ; you could die ; let us die ; 
you shall revoke. 

225, 226, 227. 

84. — He ofl'ers ; you may ofl'er ; they did ofl^er ; 
let him ofl'er ; he opens ; you will open ; she 



124 EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 

might open ; we opened ; depart thou; he departs ; 
we did depart ; you may depart. 

228, 229, 230, 231, 232. 
85. — He repents ; I did repent ; you will re- 
pent; we feel ; they did feel ; I shall feel ; we go 
out ; they went ; you may go out ; he will go out ; 
I serve ; he might serve ; you would suffer ; they 
sufler. 

233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238. 

86. — I hold ; he did hold ; you will sustain ; 
he may contain ; he comes ; you came ; they 
agreed ; you will prevent ; they may hold ; you 
will remember ; we assail ; they tremble ; you as- 
sailed ; I shall tremble. 

IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 

240, 241, 242, 243, 244. 

87.— He sits down ; I shall sit down ; you 
must ; he did owe ; it is necessary ; it will be ne- 
cessary ; you move ; they will move ; you may 
owe ; they might sit down. 

245, 246. 
88. — It rains ; it will rain ; it might rain ; it 
rained ; let it rain ; he is able ; you will be able ; 
they were able ; it did rain ; I may be able ; he 
might be able. 

247,248, 249, 250. 
89. — We know; you did know; they will 
know ; let him know ; you may know ; he is 
worth ; you were worth ; you may prevail ; we 
will be worth ; he may be worth. 



EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 125 

251, 252, 253, 254. 

90. — I saw ; you did see ; he will foresee ; see 
(you) ; we see ; you may see ; they will ; I was 
willing ; they shall he willing ; lei him be wil- 
ling ; you may be willing; 1 might see. 

IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. 

256, 257, 258, 259, 2G1, 262. 

91. — You beat ; we may beat ; he did beat; 
let us beat; he p^ulls down; I shall drink; he 
drinks ; we drink ; I conclude ; we shall con- 
clude : you may conclude : we conduct : you may 
conduct: he will conduct. 

263, 261, 265, 266,268. 
92. — You are sewing : he will sew : you may 
sew : we know : they will remember : vou may 
appear : you fear : they feared : he did fear : she 
should fear : we believe : vou believed : they 
did believe : he may believe. 

270, 272, 274, 276. 
93. — You say : they did say : you said : he 
will say ; we write : you did write : they wrote : 
you should write : he makes : they make : we 
did make : you will make : they may make : he 
reads : we may read. 

278, 280, 281, 282, 283. 
94. — We put : you did put : they shall put : we 
may put: he is born : he will be born : you ap- 
pear : they did appear : you may appear : they 
paint : you painted : he will paint : you com- 
plain : let him complain : he did complain. 

11^ 



126 EXERCISES ON THE GRAMMAR. 

284,286,288. 

95. — He takes : we take : you may take : they 
will take : we laugh : he did laugh : you shall 
laugh : we resolve : they resolved : he shall re- 
solve : you might resolve : he will resolve. 

290, 291. 

96. — We suffice : they may suffice : he suf- 
ficed ; it will suffice : it might suffice : you fol- 
low : let him follow : he might follow : they will 
follow : he will follow. 

293, 294, 296. 

97. — Be silent: he will be silent: he did van- 
quish : he will vanquish ; you live : they lived : 
you may live : live : he should live : they might 
live. 

298, 308. 

98. — Lively : much money : late : more books : 
few books: better: the worst: latest: after- 
wards : enough books : commonly : truly : exces- 
sively : greatly : willingly : where. 

310, 311. 

99. — Against him : before her : during sum- 
mer : upon him : towards her : except the book : 
according custom : in spite of him: without him : 
besides that. 

312. 

100. — At least: but : now-now : because : al- 
thousrh : since : however : unless : at last : and : 
yet : if. 

END OF THE EXERCISES. 






■iSifci!^- 



127 



REMARKS TO THE TEACHER. 

1st. The pupil ought to read over every dia- 
logue several times, before committing it to 
memory. 

2nd. The teacher should ask the pupil the sig- 
nification of each word, as it is not possible to 
translate some French phrases literally. 

3rd. Weekly repetitions are strongly recom- 
mended, so that the pupil may never forget a dia- 
logue when once learned. 



DIALOGUES. 



I 



I. 



Bon jour, Monsieur. 
Comment 9a va-t-il ? 
Merci, 9a va bien ; et 

vous ? 
Pas trop bien. 
Qu' avez-vous ? 

J'ai ete a Staten Island, 
ou j'ai attrape un rhume 

II faut vous tenir chaud. 

II faut vous coucher de 

bonne heure. 
Vous faut-il encore une 

couverture ? 
Non, merci, j'ai assez 

chaud. 



Good day, sir. 
How are you ? 
Thank you, I am well. 

How are you ? 
Not very well. 
What is the matter with 

you ? 
I have been to Staten 

Island, where I caught 

cold. 
You must keep yourself 

worm. 
You must go to bed early. 

Do you ivant another 

blanket ? 
No, I thank you, I am 

warm enouQ-h. 



128 



DIALOGUES. 



Comme vous etes obli- 

geant. (te) 
Mainteuarit, je vous con- 

seille de dormir. 
Je pense, que 9a me fera 

du bien. 
Sans doute. Bon soir, 

Monsieur. 
J'espere, que vous serez 

rnieux demain. 

II. 
Ou allez-vous si vite ? 

Je vais al'eglise de Saint 
Paul, pour assister a 
I'office divin. 

J'irai avec vous. 

Eh bien, depechons-nous 

II y a loujours tant de 
nionde. 

Cela ne fait rien, il y 
aura de la place pour 
tous. 

En Irons. 

Quel beau sermon ! 

Monsieur N. est un cel- 
ebre predicateur. 

Pourriez-vous me chan- 
ger un billet de cinq 
gourdes ? 

Je suis fache de ne pas 
pouvoir vous servir. 



How obliging you are, 

I would advise you now, 

to go to sleep. 
I think, that it will do me 

good. 
Undoubtedly. Good night 

sir. 
I hope you will be better 

to-morrow. 

II. 
Where are you going so 

fast? 
I am going to Saint 

PauVs church, to assist 

at the divine ojffice. 
I will go with yuu. 
Well, let us make haste. 
There are always so many 

people there. 
That does not matter., 

there is always room 

for all. 
Let us go in. 
What a beautiful sermon. 
Mr. N. is a celebrated 

preacher. 
Can you change a five 

dollar bill for me ? 

I am sorry that I cannot 
serve you. 



-■^ ^'-^V^i 



iMMi*!^ 



DIALOGUES. 



129 



A quoi vous faut-il de \a\What do you want 
monnaie? change for ? 

line quete sera faite ala'T'A«'^6 will be a collection 
fin du service. at the end of the ser- 



Eh bien, je vous prete- 

rai une gourde. 
Je vous en serai bien 

oblige. 

III. 
Broadway est une char- 

nnante promenade. 
L'eau de Crolon tient la 

rue fort propre. 
II y a toujours une 

grande foule. 
Comme dans chaque 

grande ville. 
Les omnibus sont tres 

nombreux. 
Cette rue est en grande 

faveur aupres les 

dames. 
Elles se metteni fori 

bien. 
Cela fait preuve de bon 

goiit. 
Les boutiques sont fort 

riches. 
On y trouve tout ce que 

I'on veut. 
II commence a pleuvoir. 



vice. 
Well, I will lend you a 

dollar. 
I shall be much oUised to 



you. 



III. 



Broadway is a charming 

■promenade. 
The Croton Water keeps 

the streets very clean. 
There are always a great 
\ many people there. 
As in every great city. 

The omnibusses are very 

numerous. 
This street is in great fa- 

vour with the ladies. 

They dress very well. 

That is a proof of good 

taste. 
The stores are very rich. 

One finds there whatever 

one wants. 
It begins to rain. 



130 



DIALOGUES. 



Montons dans un omni- 
bus. 
Voila un qui vient. 
Celui-ci est tout plein. 
Attendons un moment. 
Ilfaisait si beau le matin. 

Je n'ai pas de parapluie. 
Voila un autre, qui arrive. 
AUons. 

IV. 
Bon jour, mon pere. 
Bon jour, ma filie. 

Comment avez-vous dor- 
mi. 

Tres mal, les mosquitoes 
m'ont fort incommode. 

Voila votre journal. 
»I1 est encore tout hu- 

mide. 
Voulez-vous, que je le 

seche ? 
C'est 9a, assez. 
Est-ce qu'il y a quelque 

chose de nouveau ? 
II ne vaut pas la peine 

d'en parler. 
Y a-t-il un compte-rendu 

des elections ? 
Oui, mais on ne peut pas 



Let us get into an 

omnibus. 
There is one coming. 
This one is quite full. 
Let us wait a moment. 
It was so fine this morn- 



ins . 



/ liave no umbrella. 
There is another coming. 
Let us go. 

IV. 

Good mornings Father. 
Good morning, my 

daughter. 
How did you sleep ? 

Very badly, the mosqui- 
toes troubled me very 
much. 

Here is your newspaper. 

It is still quite damp. 

Shall I dry it 1 

That is it, enough. 

Ts there anything new in 

it? 
There is nothing worth 

speaking of. 
Is there any account of 

the elections? 
Yes, but one cannot yet 



^ ^^"^ 



DIALOGUES. 



131 



encore jiiger Ju re-i judge of the result. 

sultat. I 

En faveur de qui est la In wJiose favour is the 

majorite 1 ; majority ? 

Les votes sont presque The votes arc almost 



egalement partages. 
Etes vous vvhig, ou clem- 

ocrate ? 
Je suis independant. 



V. 



la 



Ou avez-vous passe 

soiree. 
Je suis alle au musee 

Americain, 
Avez-vous vu Tom 

Thumb ? 



equally divided. 

Are you a whig or a dem- 
ocrat ? 

I am independent. 

V. 

Wliere did you spend the 

evening ? 
I went to the American 

Museum. 
Have you seen Tom 

Thumb ? 



I 



Oui, c'est un nain \\hs-\Yes, he is a very amusing 

dwarf 
What do you say of the 
negroe extravagances ? 



amusarit. 
Que dites-vous des ex- 
travagances des ne- 



gres 



They are very comical. 
What is the price of ad- 



Elles sont tres-comiques. 
De combien est le prix 

d'entree ? mission 

J'ai paye vingt-cinq sous. / paid tvjenty-five cents. 
Lequel des deux musees' Which of the two muse- 

preferez-vous ? urns do you like best ? 

J'aime mieux le musee / prefer the American 



Americain. 
II est plus instructif. 



Museum. 
It is more instructive. 



Mais, en revanche, le But., on the other hand, 
prix d'entree au musee the price of admission 



132 



DIALOGUES. 



Peale est seulement 
de douze sous. 

YI. 
Comment vous 6tes-vous 

amuse aii spectacle 

(theatre) ? 
Tres-bien en effet. 
Aviez-vous une place de 

loges ? 
Non, Monsieur, j'etais 

au balcon. 
Que dites-vous de la 

musique ? 
La musique n'etait pas 

si bonne comme la 

piece. 
Comment trouvez-vous 

le jeu de Macready ? 
C'est un acteur de pre- 
miere force. 
Les gestes me parais- 

sent d'etre un peu 

outres. 
C'est plutot I'effet de 

I'inspiration. 
C'est dommage qu'il ne 

soit pas mieux se- 

conde. 
Y avait-il beaucoup de 

monde ? 
La salle etait pleine. 
Ou pensez-vous aller ce 

soir ? 



to Peale*s museum is 
only a shilling. 

YL 

How did you amuse your- 
self at the theatre? 

Very well indeed. 

Did you have a place in 

the boxes ? 
No, sir, I was in the dress 

circle. 
What do you say of the 

music ? 
The music was not so 

good as the piece. 

How do you fnd Mac- 
ready^ s acting ? 
He is a first rate actor. 

His actions appear to me 
to be a little overdone. 

That is rather the e^ect 

of inspiration. 
It is a pity, that he is not 

better supported. 

Were there many people 

there ? 
The house ivas full. 
Where do you think of 

going this evening 1 



DIALOGUES. 



133 



All theatre de Chatham, 

ou au cirque. 
Je vais vous accom- 

pagner au cirque. 
II n'est que sept heures 

un quart. 
On ne commence qu' a 

huit heures. 
II nous faut trois quarts 

d'heures pour y aller. 

VII. 

Avez-vous ete a la re- 
union de temperance ? 

Oui, jV etais jusqu' k dix 
heures. 

Monsieur B. a prononce 
un discours tres-moral 

Avez-vous vu la proces- 
sion de ce matin ? 

Oui,les bannieresetaienl 
fort bien peintes. 

Cotnbien de personnes 
y avait-il ? 

Trois mille, a peu pres. 

Tout s'est passe de la 
meilleuremani^re pos- 
sible. 

Toutes ces sortes de re- 
unions devraient etre 
encouragees. 

Leur bon effet est vis- 
ible. 



To the Chatham theatre 

or to the circus. 
I loill accompany you to 

the circus. 
It is only a quarter past 

seven. 
They do not begin till 

eisht o\lock. 
We want three quarters 

of an hour to go there. 

VII. 

Have you been to the 
Temperance meeting ? 

Yes, 1 was there till ten 
o'clock. 

Mr. B. made a very 
moral speech. 

Did you see the proces- 
sion this morning ? 

Yes, the banners were 
very loell painted. 

How many persons were 
there ? 

About three thousand. 

Every thing passed off 
in the best possible 
manner- 
All this sort of meetings 
ought to be encouraged. 

Their good effect is visi- 
ble. 



12 



134 



DIALOGUES. 



VIII. 

On celebrera demain 

I'anniversaire de I'in- 

dependance Ameri- 

caine. 
Avez-vous vons vu le 

feu d'artifice ? 
II etait brillant. 
II y avail trop de bruit a 

la derniere detonation. 
Coinbien avez-vons paye 
Douze sous, la consora- 

mation y indue. 
Cela n'est pas cher. 
Ma foi, non. 
Que dites-vous de nos 

gardes nationaux ? 
lis out I'air tres pitto- 

resque. 
Leurs differents uni- 

formes ofiVent un beau 

coup-d'oeil, 
L'effet general etait fort 

imposant. 
II exalte I'esprit de la 

liberte et I'amour de 

nos institutions glo- 

rieuses. 

IX. 

Savez-vous la musique ? 
J'apprends le Piano. 
Est-il difficile de toucher 
le Piano ? 



VIII. 

The anniversary of the 
American independ- 
ence will he celebrated 
to-morrow. 

Did you see the fireworks? 

They were brilliant. 

There was too much noise 
at the last explosion. 

How much did yuu pay ? 

A shilling, refreshments 
included. 

That is not dear. 

No, indeed. 

What do you say of our 
National Guards ? 

They have a very pictu- 
resque appearance. 

Their different uniforms 
make a fne sight. 

The general effect was 
very imposing. 

It exalts the spirit of lib- 
erty and the love of our 
glorious ifistitutions. 



IX. 

Do you know music ? 
I learn the Pianoforte. 
Is it difficult to play the 
Pianoforte ? 



DIALOGUES. 



135 



I 



C'est im instrument tres- 

facile, qiiarid on esi 

attentif. 
Comhien de morceaiix 

avHZ-vous deja a[)pri.s I 
J'etude maintenant le 

sixieine. 
Mais il y a loiiglemps, 

que voiis apprenez le 

Piano ? 
Un an seulement. 
Combien d'lieures Ira- 

vaillez-vous par jour ? 
Entre deux a trois 

heures. 
Jouez-vous beaucoup de 

gammes ? 
Je las etude continuelle- 

ment. 
Lisez - vous facilemeni 

les notes ? 
Pas trop bien a livreou- 

vert. 
Comptez-vous toujours 

en jouant 1 
Je ne joue jamais sans 

compter. 

X. 

Que pensez-vous des 
foritaines de New- 
York ? 

Ce sorit, sans aucun 
doute, les plus belles 



It is a very easy instru- 
ment, when one is at- 
tentive. 

How many pieces have 
you already learnt ^ 

I am nou^ studyino- the 
sixth. 

But it is a long time since 
you learn the Piano- 
forte ? 

A year only. 

How many hours a day 
do you practise ? 

Between two and three 
hours. 

Do you play many scales? 

I study them continually . 

Do you read the notes 

easily ? 
Not very well at Jirst 

sight. 
Do you always count in 

playing ? 
I never play without 

counting. 

X. 

What do you think of the 
New-York fountains ? 

They are, without any 
doubt, the most heauti- 



136 



DIALOGUES. 



Fontaines du monde. 

Laquelle des deux, trou- 
vez-vous mieux, celle 
du Pare, ou celle du 
boulingrin ? 

La Fontaine du boulingrin 
est plus pittoresque, 
mais celle du Pare a 
un jet d'eau plus riche. 

Ne pensez-vous pas que 
cette ville s'ameliore 
de plus en plus tous 
les jours ? 

Certainement. 

Comment trouvez-vous 
le pave ? 

Pas trop bien. 

Le prix du travail est 
trop haul, pour Faire 
repaver les rues si 
souvent, comme en 
Europe. 

Le trottoir est assez 
large. 

Mais trop glissant en 
hiver. 

II n'y a pas d'ombre en 
ete. 



XL 



J'ai Faim. 



ful fountains in the 
world. 

Which of the two do you 
like best, that in the 
Park or that in the 
howling green ? 

The fountain in the bow- 
ling green is more pic- 
turesque, hut that in 
the Park has a richer 
jet of water. 

Do you not think that 
this city improves more 
and more every day 1 

Certainly. 

How do you find the 

pavement 1 
Not very well. 
The price of labor is too 

high to repave the 

streets so often, as in 

Europe. 

The sidewalks are large 
enough. 

But too slippery in win- 
ter. 

There is no shade in 
summer. 

XL 

/ am hungry. 



DIALOGUES. 



137 



Nous aliens diner dans! 

iin moment. 
Je me meiirai a c6te dt 

vous. I 

Je serai charme de volrci 

socic'te. 
Desirez-vous de la 

soLipe ? 
S'il vous plait. 
Jeari, changez I'assiette 

de Madame B. 
Un morceau de poulet. 

Madame ? 
Un lout petit morceau, 

s'il vous plait. 
Une cuisse, ou une aile ? 
Tout ce que vous voud- 

rez. 
Voulez-vous que je vous 

donue des legumes ? 
Des pornmes de terre, 

s'il vous plait. 
Preferez-vous des ca- 

rottes ? 
Un verre d'eau pour 

Monsieur N. 
Un couteau, une four- 

chette, une cuillere. 
Une petite cuillere. 

XII. 
On a Sonne pour le de- 
jeuner. 



We shall dine in a mo- 
ment. 

I shall place myself next 
to you. 

I shall be deliohted with 
your company. 

Would you like some 
soup ? 

If you please. 

John., change Mrs. B^s 
plate. 

A piece of fowl, Madam ? 

A very small piece, if you 

please. 
A leg, or a wing ? 
Which ever you like. 

Shall I give you some 
veoretables ? 

Some potatoes if you 
please. 

Do you prefer some car- 
rots 1 

A glass of water for Mr. 
N. 

A knife, a fork, a spoon. 

A tea-spoon. 

XII. 
They have rang for break- 
fast. 



12* 



138 



DIALOGUES. 



Du cafe, ou du the, Mon 

sieur ? 
Voulez-vous me donner 

un peu de hachis ? 
Des oeufs a la coque, 

des oeufs sur plat ? 
Les petits pains sont en- 
core trop frais. 
Passez-moi le beurre. 
Permeitez,queje change 

ma place, je suis trop 

pres du feu. 
Voulez-vous prendre la 

mienne ? 
Vous etes bien bon, 

Monsieur, 
Jean, donnez-moi un peu 

d'eau chaude. 
Je me suis bruleela main 

avec la theiere. 
Donnez-moi une servi- 
ette. 
Sonnez au domestique, 

ma fiUe. 
II n'a pas entendu. 
Voulez-vous passer au 

salon ? 
Nous sommes a vos or- 

dres. Madame. 
Permetlez, que je vous 

offre mon bras. 
Allons. 



Some coffee or tea, sir ? 

Will you give me a little 

hash ? 
So?ne boiled eggs, or some 

poached eggs ? 
The rolls are still a little 

too fresh. 
Pass me the butter. 
Allow me to change my 

seat, I am too near the 

fire. 
Will you take mine ? 

You are very kind, sir. 

John, give me a little hot 

water. 
I have burnt my hand 

with the tea pot. 
Give me a napkin. 

Ring for the servant, my 

daughter. 
He did not hear. 
Will you walk into the 

drawing-room 1 
We are at your service, 

madam. 
Allow me to offer you my 

arm. 
Let HS go. 



DIALOGUES. 



I3y 



XIII. I XIII. 

Aiaiez-vous la danse ? Do yuu like daticing 1 

Passionriement. Passionately. 

Est-ce que vous valsezDw you wallz in two or 

en deux ou en trois three steps? 

temps ? 
Cela depend de mon par- 

tenaire. 
II est plus facile de 

garder la mesure 



Voulez-vous me faire 
I'honeur de danser 
avec moi ? 

Je suis f^chee ; mais je 
suis engagee pour 
celte conlredanse. 

Pour la prochairie alors? 

Avec beaucoup de plai- 
sir. 

Yoila voire partenaire. 
qui vous reclame. 

On nous attend, 

Je suis prete. 

XIV. 
Quelle heure est-il ? 
II est midi et demi. 
II est dix heures, moins 

vingt. 
II est trois heures un 

quart. 
II est cinq heures, moins 

un quart. 
J'ai manque le convoi. 



That depends on my part- 
ner. 

It is easier to keep 
time. 

Will you do me the honor 
to dance with me ? 

I am sorry, but I am en- 
gaged for this cotil- 
lion. 

For the next then ? 

With much pleasure. 

Here is your partner^ who 

claims you. 
They are waiting for us. 
I am ready. 

XIV. 
What time is it 1 
It is half-past twelve. 
It is twenty minutes to 

ten. 
It is a quarter past three. 

It is a quarter to five. 

I have missed the train* 



t\J 



DIALOGUES. 



Le trajet a ete fait en 

dix minutes. 
Nous allons partir im- 

mediaiement. 
Est-ce qu'il y a eu un 

accident ? 
Nous aiJons arriver a la 

station. 
Le bruit d'un chemin de 

fer m'est insurpporta- 

ble. 
Mais on en est dedom- 

mage par la vitcsse. 
Nous y voiia. 

XV. 

Je vols deja la fumee du 
bateau a vapeur. 

Youlez-vous descendre 
a la cabirie ? 

Non, j'aime mieux Tes- 
ter sur le pont. 

Avez-vous peur du mal 
de mer ? 

Non, je suis bon marin. 

Je suis moins heureuse. 

11 ne faut pas y penser. 

Vous changez de couleur 
C'est que j'ai mal au 

coeur. 
Courage, dans un quart 

d'heure nous serons 

arrives. 



The passage has been 
done in ten minutes. 

We shall depart immedi- 
ately. 

Has there been an acci- 
dent ? 

We shall arrive at the 
station. 

The noise of a railroad is 
intolerable to me. 

But one is compensated 

by the celerity. 
We are there. 

XV. 

/ see already the smoke 

of the steamboat. 
Will you walk down into 

the cabin ? 
No, I like better to stay 

on deck. 
Are you afraid of sea 

sickness ? 
No, I am a good sailor. 
I am less fortunate. 
One ought not to think 

of It. 

You change color. 
Because I am sick. 

Courage, in\a quarter of 
an hour we shall have 
arrived. 



^tammtii^ 



DIALOGUES. 



141 



Je vols deja la terre. '/ see land already. 

Nous approchons de We approach the landing 

I'embarcaddre. j place. 

Montons. Let us go up. 



Tout est fini. 

XVI. 
Qu'est-ce quevous faites 

la? 
J'ourle un mouchoir. 

Aimez-vous a coudre ? 
Quand on n'a rien de 

luieux a faire. 
J'ai laisse tomber mon 

de. 
Permettez que je le ra- 

masse. 
Cette aiguille est trop 

fine. 
Voulez-vous du fil ou de 

la soie ? 
Une epingle, s'il vous 

plait. 
Vos ciseaux ne coupent 

pas bien. 
II faut les faire aiguiser, 

A vec quelle adresse vous 
enfilez. 

Force de I'habitude. 

Mille fois merci, Made- 
moiselle. 



All is over. 

XVI. 

What are you doing 

there ? 
I am hemmins a handker- 

chief. 
Do you like sewing? 
When one has nothing 
I better to do. 
{/ have let my thimble 

fall. 
Allow me to pick it up. 

This needle is too fine. 

Will you have some 

thread or some silk ? 
A pin, if you please. 

Your scissors do not cut 

well. 
You ousht to let them he 

set. 
With what dexterity you 

thread a needle. . 
Mere custom. 
A thousand thanks. Miss. 




14-2 



DIALOGUES. 



XVII. • 
La campagne est c^ar- 

mante. 
Et les fleurs sentent si 

bien. 
Quel joli bouquet. 
Quelles sont vos fleurs 

favorites ? 
Les roses, les oeillets, et 

les tulipes. 
Comme il fait chaud. 
II fait du soleil. 
Quel coup de tonnerre, 
II fait de I'eclair. 
II fait du brouillard. 
II fait obscur. 
II fait du vent. 
Je grelotte. 
Je vais me chauffer. 
J'ai un rhunie de cer- 

veau. 

XVIII. 
De quel pays 6tes-vous? 

Je suis Americain. 
Et moi, je suis Fran9ais. 
Je suis de New-York. 
Les elats unis de I'Ame- 

rique du nord. 
Moi je suis du midi, el 

vous du nord. 
Les Indes orientales. 
Les Indes occidentales 



XVII. 
The country is charming. 

And the flowers smell so 

well. 
What a pretty bouquet. 
What are your favorite 

flowers ? 
Roses, pinks, and tulips. 

How warm it is. 
The sun shines. 
What a thunderclap. 
It is lic^htejiinn;. 

It isfogfry. 

It is dark. 

It is windy. 

I am shiverinor. 

/ will vaarm myself. 

I have a cold in the head. 



XVIII. 
What country are you 

from 1 
I am an American. 
And I am a Frenchman. 
I am from New-York. 
The United States of 

North America. 
I am from the south, and 

you from the north. 
The east Indies. 
The west Indies. 



> 



DIALOCUES. 



113 



Oil (lemeurez-vous ? 

Je demeiire rue Walker, 

niin»ero deux, au pre- 
mier. 
J'ai une chambre au rez- 

de-chaussee. j 

Pourrit'z-vous lue dire,! 

ou est le Pare de I'un- 

ioii ? 
Prenez la premiere a 

gauche el la troisieme 

a droite. 



' Where (in yon live ? 

I live at number Irro Wal- 

ker-islTect^ 07i the first 

Jioor. 
I haoe a room on the 

ground jloor. 
Could you ttll me where 

the Union Park is 1 

Take the frst to the left 
and the third to the 
right. 



XIX. 

Je vais me coucher (me 

lever). 
Donnez-moi une carafe 

d'eau. 
Pour me laver la figure 

et les mains. 
Voiia votre serviette pour 

vous seclier. 
Jean, mes pantoutles. 
lis sont sous le lit. 
Ou est ma robe de cham 

bre ? 
Sur la chaise, 
v^'est trop etroit. 
Ma robe est sale. 
Brossez mon manteau. 
Mettez mon peigne et la I 

brosse a denls dans le 

tiroir. 
Faiies mon lit. 



XIX. 

1 am going to lay dov:n 
{to get up). 

Give me a bottle of wa- 
ter. 

To wash my face and 
hands. 

Here is your towel to dry 
yourself. 

John, my slippers. 

Thfy are under the bed. 

Where is my dressing 
gotcn ? 

On the chair. 

Ft is too tight. 

My frock is dirty. 

Brush my cloak. 

Put my comb and tooth 
brush in the drawer. 

Make my bed. 




144 



DIALOGUES. 



XX. 

Avez-vous du pgpier a 

lettres et une plume 

d'acier ? 
Passez-moi une regie el 

un crayon. 
Yous trouverez tout 9a 

sur le pupitre. 
Je ne vols pas de crayon. 
Yous le trouverez dans 

mon portefeuille. 
Allumez une chandelle, 

je veux cacheter ma 

lettre. 
Yous faut-il un pain a 

cacheter ? 
Non, de la cire a cache- 
ter. 
Lesallumettes sontmau- 

vaises. 
Mettez cette lettre a la 

poste. 
Elle doit etre afFranchie. 
L'avez-vous mise dans 

la boite ? 
Non, le bureau etait fer- 

me. 
AUez a la grande poste. 



XX. 

Have you some letter pa- 
per and a steel pen ? 

Hand me a ruler and a 

pencil. 
You will find all that on 

the desk. 
I do not see any pencil. 
You will find it in my 

pocket hook. 
Light a candle^ I will seal 

my letter. 

Do you want a wafer ? 
No, some sealing wax. 
The matches are bad. 

Put this letter into the 

post ofiice. 
It must be pre-paid. 
Have you put it into the 

box ? 
No, the ofiice was shut. 

Go to the general post 
office. 



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